Around 2 million new cancer cases in 2008 were attributable to infections. Of these, 1.9 million cancers (mainly gastric, liver and cervix uteri) were caused by Helicobacter pylori, HBV, HCV and human papillomaviruses. In men, liver and gastric cancers accounted for more than 80% of new cases. The researchers conclude that vaccination strategies, safer injection practices and antimicrobial treatments could have a substantial effect on the future burden of cancer.