Abstract
We conducted a prospective study to examine the effects of alterations of the metabolic syndrome detection status on the rate of progression of arterial stiffness, which is recognized as a marker of arterial damage and an indicator of cardiovascular risk. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as an index of arterial stiffening was recorded twice over a 3-year period in 2,080 Japanese men (age, 42±9 years). At the start of the prospective study, pulse wave velocity was higher in the subjects with metabolic syndrome (n=125) than in those without metabolic syndrome (n=1,955) even after adjusting for mean blood pressure. The annual rate of increase of the pulse wave velocity was higher in the group with persistent metabolic syndrome (27±51 cm/s/year, n=71) than in the group with regression of metabolic syndrome (6±39 cm/s/year, n=54) or the group in which metabolic syndrome was absent (13±37 cm/s/year, n=1,843; p<0.05) after adjustment for changes in blood pressure. In conclusion, the changes in the metabolic syndrome detection status of the subjects during the study period affected the annual rate of progression of arterial stiffening, and persistent metabolic syndrome during the study period was associated with acceleration of arterial stiffening in middle-aged Japanese men. On the other hand, resolution of metabolic syndrome may be associated with attenuation of the progression of arterial damage. Therefore, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome may be at least partly mediated by acceleration of the progression of arterial stiffening.
Similar content being viewed by others
Article PDF
References
Safar ME, Levy BI, Struijker-Boudier H : Current perspectives on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 2003; 107: 2864–2869.
Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA : Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1–12.
Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB : Large arterial stiffness: an important therapeutic target. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 533–535.
Sutton-Tyrrell K, Najjar SS, Boudreau RM, et al: Health ABC Study. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation 2005; 111: 3384–3390.
Cruickshank K, Riste L, Anderson SG, Wright JS, Dunn G, Gosling RG : Aortic pulse-wave velocity and its relationship to mortality in diabetes and glucose intolerance: an integrated index of vascular function? Circulation 2002; 106: 2085–2090.
Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al: The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002; 288: 2709–2716.
Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C : American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004; 109: 433–438.
Tomiyama H, Hashimoto H, Hirayama Y, et al: Synergistic acceleration of arterial stiffening in the presence of raised blood pressure and raised plasma glucose. Hypertension 2006; 47: 180–188.
The Committee of Establishing the Definition of the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Japan : The difinition of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Japan. J Jpn Soc Int Med 2005; 94: 188–203 ( in Japanese).
Tomiyama H, Koji Y, Yambe M, et al: Elevated C-reactive protein augments increased arterial stiffness in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2005: 45: 997–1003.
Japan Atherosclerosis Society : Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Tokyo, Japan Atherosclerosis Society, 2000, pp 4–21.
Guidelines Subcommittee : Guidelines for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. J Jpn Diabet Soc 1999; 42: 385–404.
Guidelines Subcommittee : Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Tokyo, Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2000, pp 14–21.
Motobe K, Tomiyama H, Koji Y, et al: Cut-off value of the ankle-brachial pressure index at which the accuracy of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement is diminished. Circ J 2005; 69: 55–60.
Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, et al: Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res 2002; 25: 359–364.
Nakanishi N, Suzuki K, Tatara K : Clustered features of the metabolic syndrome and the risk for increased aortic pulse wave velocity in middle-aged Japanese men. Angiology 2003; 54: 551–559.
Safar ME, Thomas F, Blacher J, et al: Metabolic syndrome and age-related progression of aortic stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 72–75.
Nakanishi N, Shiraishi T, Wada M : Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population: the Minoh study. Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 125–131.
Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR, Webb DJ : Pulse wave analysis and arterial stiffness. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 32 ( Suppl 3): S33–S37.
Mitchell GF : Arterial stiffness and wave reflection in hypertension: pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. Curr Hypertens Rep 2004; 6: 436–441.
Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA, et al, The Cardiovascular Health Study Group: Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 538–545.
Tomiyama H, Koji Y, Yambe Y, et al: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is a simple and independent predictor of prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circ J 2005; 69: 815–822.
Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, Cleeman JI, Kahn RA ; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Diabetes Association: Clinical management of metabolic syndrome : Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation 2004; 109: 551–556.
Kass DA, Shapiro EP, Kawaguchi M, et al: Improved arterial compliance by a novel advanced glycation end-product crosslink breaker. Circulation 2001; 104: 1464–1470.
Bakris GL, Bank AJ, Kass DA, Neutel JM, Preston RA, Oparil S : Advanced glycation end-product cross-link breakers: a novel approach to cardiovascular pathologies related to the aging process. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17 ( 12 Pt 2): 23S–30S.
Geroldi D, Falcone C, Emanuele E, et al: Decreased plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1725–1729.
Wildman RP, Mackey RH, Bostom A, Thompson T, Sutton-Tyrrell K : Measures of obesity are associated with vascular stiffness in young and older adults. Hypertension 2003; 42: 468–473.
Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE, et al: Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Circulation 2004; 109: 706–713.
Ferreira I, Henry RM, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Kemper HC, Stehouwer CD, Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study : The metabolic syndrome, cardiopulmonary fitness, and subcutaneous trunk fat as independent determinants of arterial stiffness: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study. Arch Intern Med 2005 25; 165: 875–882.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tomiyama, H., Hirayama, Y., Hashimoto, H. et al. The Effects of Changes in the Metabolic Syndrome Detection Status on Arterial Stiffening: A Prospective Study. Hypertens Res 29, 673–678 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.29.673
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.29.673
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Increased pulse wave velocity is related to impaired working memory and executive function in older adults with metabolic syndrome
GeroScience (2022)
-
Usefulness of the SAGE score to predict elevated values of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese subjects with hypertension
Hypertension Research (2020)
-
Longitudinal interaction between APOA5 -1131T>C and overweight in the acceleration of age-related increase in arterial stiffness through the regulation of circulating triglycerides
Hypertension Research (2019)
-
Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in general population: the APAC study
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2016)
-
Metabolic syndrome is associated with change in subclinical arterial stiffness - A community-based Taichung Community Health Study
BMC Public Health (2011)