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Probing motivational state during agonistic encounters in animals

Nature volume 393, pages 66–68 (1998)Cite this article

Abstract

Animals commonly compete for resources by direct aggression: for example, spiders fight for web sites1, male red deer fight for females2, and scorpionflies fight for prey3. The application of game theory has considerably advanced our understanding of the evolution of such contests4,5,6,7. A general conclusion is that, if possible, animals should assess both the relative fighting abilities and the value of resources before making tactical decisions during contests8. These tactical decisions are assumed to be mediated by differing motivational state7,9, but this fundamental assumption has yet to be tested. Here we test the accumulated theory by probing the motivational state of hermit crabs during fights over the ownership of gastropod shells. The test uses a stimulus, novel to the crabs, that produces a startle response, the duration of which is an independent measure of the motivation to fight. We demonstrate that motivational state differs at an early stage of the contest according to the potential gain in resource value. There was no effect of relative size of the opponent on motivational state. In these contests, relative size neither predicted the likely cost of the contest nor the probability of victory.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour for funding this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biology and Biochemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, BT9 7BL, Belfast, UK

    R. W. Elwood, K. E. Wood, M. B. Gallagher & J. T. A. Dick

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  1. R. W. Elwood
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  2. K. E. Wood
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  3. M. B. Gallagher
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  4. J. T. A. Dick
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Correspondence to R. W. Elwood.

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Elwood, R., Wood, K., Gallagher, M. et al. Probing motivational state during agonistic encounters in animals. Nature 393, 66–68 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/29980

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