Abstract
Bose–Einstein condensates — a low-temperature form of matter in which a macroscopic population of bosons occupies the quantum-mechanical ground state — have been demonstrated for weakly interacting, dilute gases of alkali-metal1,2,3 and hydrogen25 atoms. Magnetic traps are usually employed to confine the condensates, but have the drawback that spin flips in the atoms lead to untrapped states. For this reason, the spin orientation of the trapped alkali atoms cannot be regarded as a degree of freedom. Such condensates are therefore described by a scalar order parameter, like the spinless superfluid 4He. In contrast, a recently realized optical trap4 for sodium condensates confines atoms independently of their spin orientations. This offers the possibility of studying ‘spinor’ condensates in which spin comprises a degree of freedom, so that the order parameter is a vector rather than scalar quantity. Here we report the observation of equilibrium states of sodium spinor condensates in an optical trap. The freedom of spin orientation leads to the formation of spin domains in an external magnetic field, which can be either miscible or immiscible with one another.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge discussions with J. Ho and C. Greene. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research, NSF, Joint Services Electronics Program (ARO), NASA, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. J.S. acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humbolt foundation, D.M.S.-K. from the JSEP Graduate Fellowship Program, and A.P.C. from the NSF.
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Stenger, J., Inouye, S., Stamper-Kurn, D. et al. Spin domains in ground-state Bose–Einstein condensates. Nature 396, 345–348 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/24567
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/24567
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