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| Open AccessDifferential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants raise concerns on immune evasion. Here, the authors evaluate the neutralization efficiency of COVID-19 mRNA vaccinee sera against representative viruses of 13 WHO-designated SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest.
- Li Wang
- , Markus H. Kainulainen
- & Bin Zhou
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Article
| Open AccessIncreased neutralization and IgG epitope identification after MVA-MERS-S booster vaccination against Middle East respiratory syndrome
In a clinical trial, Fathi et al. show that a booster vaccination with a vector vaccine candidate against the highly pathogenic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus is safe and strongly improves the immunity generated by primary immunization.
- Anahita Fathi
- , Christine Dahlke
- & Marylyn M. Addo
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| Open AccessDuration of protection of CoronaVac plus heterologous BNT162b2 booster in the Omicron period in Brazil
Primary CoronaVac vaccination followed by a BNT162b2 booster dose confers protection against some SARS-CoV-2 variants but its effectiveness against Omicron is unknown. Here, the authors show that this combination confers a high level of protection against severe outcomes for up to 120 days, with evidence of waning for those aged 80 or older.
- Thiago Cerqueira-Silva
- , Vinicius de Araujo Oliveira
- & Manoel Barral-Netto
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Article
| Open AccessEffectiveness and protection duration of Covid-19 vaccines and previous infection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection in young adults
Here the authors estimate effectiveness of three COVID-19 vaccines in university students and find that 2-dose mRNA vaccines offer strong protection against general SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by delta, but protection substantially declines over 6 months. While previous infection protects against reinfection, vaccination substantially increases protection.
- Lior Rennert
- , Zichen Ma
- & Delphine Dean
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| Open AccessA third vaccination with a single T cell epitope confers protection in a murine model of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Vaccination regimens and the number of doses required for optimal immunity and protection are critical factors in the translation of vaccines. Here the authors show administration of a three dose protocol of a single T cell epitope to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces a robust CD8+ T cell response and confers protection in a lethal murine challenge model of infection.
- Iris N. Pardieck
- , Tetje C. van der Sluis
- & Ramon Arens
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Article
| Open AccessHomogeneous surrogate virus neutralization assay to rapidly assess neutralization activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Neutralisation assays are key to understanding immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Here, the authors report a surrogate virus neutralization assay called Neu-SATiN, which measures neutralization directly from sera, and allows easy adaptation to variant-specific testing.
- Sun Jin Kim
- , Zhong Yao
- & Shawn C. Owen
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Article
| Open AccessImmunogenicity and reactogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BNT162b2 and CoronaVac in healthy adolescents
There are adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccines, such as myocarditis for adolescents following receipt of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Here the authors compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of two widely available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (BNT162b2, an mRNA vaccine, and CoronaVac, a whole-virus inactivated vaccine) in healthy adolescents.
- Jaime S. Rosa Duque
- , Xiwei Wang
- & Yu Lung Lau
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Article
| Open AccessMaternal immune response and placental antibody transfer after COVID-19 vaccination across trimester and platforms
Pregnant individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at high risk of morbidity and mortality, in addition to adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet little is known regarding trimester-specific immunity and maternal protection from COVID-19 vaccine platforms. Authors utilise a systems serology approach to characterise the material antibody response and the transplacental antibody transfer, dependent on vaccine platform and trimester of vaccination.
- Caroline G. Atyeo
- , Lydia L. Shook
- & Andrea G. Edlow
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| Open AccessNeutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 SARS-CoV-2 by 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine
It is essential to test the neutralization of approved vaccines against SARSCoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Kurhade et al. find that sera from people with three doses of BNT162b2 neutralize Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 to a lesser extent than the original strain USAWA1/2020.
- Chaitanya Kurhade
- , Jing Zou
- & Pei‑Yong Shi
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| Open AccessSingle-cell profiling of the antigen-specific response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 RNA vaccine
Vaccination against COVID-19 has shown activation of different immune cell types. Here the authors characterise the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine using longitudinal CyTOF single cell approaches to characterise antigen specific B and T-cell responses promoted by this vaccine.
- Kevin J. Kramer
- , Erin M. Wilfong
- & Jonathan M. Irish
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| Open AccessPre-existing antibody levels negatively correlate with antibody titers after a single dose of BBV152 vaccination
Serosurveillance studies show a heterogenous mix of the Indian population with immunity to COVID-19 due to vaccination or natural infection. Here, the authors enrol subjects representative of the general population, to assess whether pre-existing antibodies are further boosted by a single dose of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, BBV152.
- Suman Das
- , Janmejay Singh
- & Guruprasad R. Medigeshi
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| Open AccessAnatomy of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 mRNA vaccinees
Here, Andreano and Paciello et al. show, at single cell level, the functional and genetic characteristics underlying the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 cross-protective antibody response in naïve and previously infected COVID-19 vaccinees.
- Emanuele Andreano
- , Ida Paciello
- & Rino Rappuoli
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Article
| Open AccessPlasmodium falciparum 7G8 challenge provides conservative prediction of efficacy of PfNF54-based PfSPZ Vaccine in Africa
Here the authors show that controlled human malaria infection with a Brazilian parasite highly divergent from vaccine and West African field strains can provide estimates of vaccine efficacy in Mali, and could replace field testing, streamlining vaccine development.
- Joana C. Silva
- , Ankit Dwivedi
- & Stephen L. Hoffman
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Article
| Open AccessExpansion of cytotoxic tissue-resident CD8+ T cells and CCR6+CD161+ CD4+ T cells in the nasal mucosa following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination
Whether mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines promote T cells within the nasal mucosa of vaccine recipients is not known. Here the authors show that after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, antigen specific T cells can be measured in the nasal mucosa and that these T cells may be localised to respond to a subsequent virus infection.
Clinical trial registration NCT04713163
- Aloysious Ssemaganda
- , Huong Mai Nguyen
- & Lyle R. McKinnon
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| Open AccessWaning effectiveness of the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine
In this retrospective study, authors show that relative protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection wanes from 53.4% one month after vaccination to 16.5% three months after vaccination, suggesting that there is a significant waning of mRNA vaccine effectiveness against infection with the Omicron variant.
- Tal Patalon
- , Yaki Saciuk
- & Sivan Gazit
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| Open AccessEffectiveness of BBIBP-CorV vaccine against severe outcomes of COVID-19 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
There is limited real-world evidence for the effectiveness of the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccine against severe COVID-19 disease. Here, the authors use data from Abu Dhabi and estimate effectiveness at 80% against hospitalization; 86% against critical care admission and 84% against death.
- Nawal Al Kaabi
- , Abderrahim Oulhaj
- & Walid Zaher
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| Open AccessLow-dose self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine drives strong protective immunity in non-human primates against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines offer the benefit of driving potent immune responses at low doses, as the mRNA replicates intracellularly. Here, the authors report the preclinical evaluation of a self-amplifying mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in non-human primates.
- Amy R. Rappaport
- , Sue-Jean Hong
- & Karin Jooss
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| Open AccessOmicron-specific mRNA vaccination alone and as a heterologous booster against SARS-CoV-2
Here the authors show that Omicron neutralizing antibody titers decline over time in mice immunized with a wild-type (WT) lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA vaccine and are robustly increased by WT or Omicron LNP-mRNA and that Omicron boosters elicit higher BA.1-neutralizing titer than WT boosters.
- Zhenhao Fang
- , Lei Peng
- & Sidi Chen
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Article
| Open AccessPeptide vaccine-treated, long-term surviving cancer patients harbor self-renewing tumor-specific CD8+ T cells
The success of peptide vaccine treatment in cancer relies on the build-up of an efficient cytotoxic T cell response against the tumour antigen. Authors show here that tumour-specific memory CD8 T cells are able to persist and possibly even proliferate in the peripheral blood of long-surviving hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
- Eishiro Mizukoshi
- , Hidetoshi Nakagawa
- & Shuichi Kaneko
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| Open AccessSix-month follow-up of a booster dose of CoronaVac in two single-centre phase 2 clinical trials
Following a booster dose of CoronaVac in two single-centre phase 2 clinical trials, the authors show that neutralising antibody titres decline approximately 4-fold and 2.5-fold from day 28 to day 180 in adults aged 18-59 years and in adults aged 60 years and older, respectively.
- Qianqian Xin
- , Qianhui Wu
- & Lin Wang
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Article
| Open AccessCross-reactive immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is low in pediatric patients with prior COVID-19 or MIS-C
The antibody response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is not well studied in children. Here, the authors provide an age-stratified analysis of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity of sera from children with acute or convalescent COVID-19 as well as children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome.
- Juanjie Tang
- , Tanya Novak
- & Surender Khurana
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Article
| Open AccessCompetent immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants in older adults following two doses of mRNA vaccination
mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can induce protective immunity in older individuals, but whether they encompass new variants is not clear. Here the authors assess mRNA vaccine responses in both younger (<50) and older (>55) cohorts to find slightly delayed humoral and cellular immunity in the latter but, more importantly, reactivity to multiple variants.
(I understand an eTOC summary is provided, but unfortunately it does not conform with our format.)
- Mladen Jergović
- , Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- & Janko Nikolich-Žugich
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| Open AccessMalaria in 2022: Increasing challenges, cautious optimism
Malaria cases and deaths remain unacceptably high and are resurgent in several settings, though recent developments inspire optimism. This includes the approval of the world’s first malaria vaccine and results from novel vaccine candidates and trials testing innovative combinatorial interventions.
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- & Abel Kakuru
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Article
| Open AccessQuadrivalent mosaic HexaPro-bearing nanoparticle vaccine protects against infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple mutations raise concerns on vaccine effectiveness. Here, Kang et al. report that a quadrivalent mosaic nanoparticle vaccine displaying spike proteins from the SARS-CoV-2 prototype and three different VOCs confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice.
- Yin-Feng Kang
- , Cong Sun
- & Mu-Sheng Zeng
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Article
| Open AccessHeterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA-booster elicits strong immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) raises concerns regarding vaccine efficacy. Here, the authors evaluate the neutralizing antibody, and cellular response elicited following inactivated vaccine immunization, and mRNA booster, against the Omicron variant.
- Fanglei Zuo
- , Hassan Abolhassani
- & Qiang Pan-Hammarström
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| Open AccessSystematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy
Pregnant women have been disproportionately under-vaccinated against COVID-19, partly because they were excluded from initial trials. This systematic review and meta-analysis supports efficacy of vaccination in pregnancy, and finds no evidence of adverse maternal or perinatal outcomes.
- Smriti Prasad
- , Erkan Kalafat
- & Asma Khalil
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Article
| Open AccessComparative analysis of COVID-19 vaccine responses and third booster dose-induced neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants
Vaccination shows efficacy in protecting from COVID-19, but regime and dosing optimization is still ongoing. Here the authors show that BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or their combination with ChAdOx1 induces similar antibody responses, and those receiving three doses of BNT162b2 induce neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant.
- Milja Belik
- , Pinja Jalkanen
- & Ilkka Julkunen
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| Open AccessComparative effectiveness over time of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine and the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine
In this retrospective cohort study, Islam et al. estimate the effectiveness of two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in over 3.5 million fully vaccinated individuals and find no differences in vaccine effectiveness for protection against hospitalization, ICU admission, or death/hospice transfer.
- Nazmul Islam
- , Natalie E. Sheils
- & Kenneth Cohen
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| Open AccessComparing COVID-19-related hospitalization rates among individuals with infection-induced and vaccine-induced immunity in Israel
The relative degree of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 provided by combinations of natural infection, vaccination, and booster doses is unknown. Here, the authors show that infection-induced immunity provides more protection against COVID-19-related hospitalization than non-recent vaccine immunity, but less than booster vaccination.
- Jacob G. Waxman
- , Maya Makov-Assif
- & Noam Barda
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Article
| Open AccessNeutralizing activity of BBIBP-CorV vaccine-elicited sera against Beta, Delta and other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Variants of SARS-CoV-2 present the potential for differential response and performance to delivered vaccine regimens. Here the authors characterise the neutralising antibody response to the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV and assess functionality against a range of key SARS-CoV2 variants.
- Xiaoqi Yu
- , Dong Wei
- & Erzhen Chen
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Article
| Open AccessProtein-based SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine booster increases cross-neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in non-human primates
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) raise questions on vaccine effectiveness. Here, the authors show that an adjuvanted protein-based SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine booster increases cross-neutralization of VOC, including omicron, in non-human primates.
- Vincent Pavot
- , Catherine Berry
- & Valerie Lecouturier
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Article
| Open AccessRandomized clinical trial to assess the protective efficacy of a Plasmodium vivax CS synthetic vaccine
In this phase 2 clinical trial, the authors assess protective efficacy of a Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite vaccine in naïve and semi-immune individuals from controlled human malaria infection as well as antibody and IFN-γ response to vaccination.
- Myriam Arévalo-Herrera
- , Xiomara Gaitán
- & Sócrates Herrera
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Article
| Open AccessComparative effectiveness and safety of homologous two-dose ChAdOx1 versus heterologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2
Different homologous and heterologous vaccination regimens have been used for COVID-19. Here the authors show in a cohort analysis from Catalonia that heterologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 followed by BNT162b2 has better vaccine effectiveness than two doses of ChAdOx1.
- Eduardo Hermosilla
- , Ermengol Coma
- & Daniel Prieto-Alhambra
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Article
| Open AccessComparative effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against Covid-19 in people over 50
Several vaccines have been approved for Covid-19 and effectiveness data could guide public health decisions on vaccine usage. Here, the authors compare effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines in people over 50 in the UK and find that BNT162b2 confers lower risk of infection and hospitalization.
- Junqing Xie
- , Shuo Feng
- & Dani Prieto-Alhambra
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Article
| Open AccessAntibody decay, T cell immunity and breakthrough infections following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab and vedolizumab
Vaccination is effective in protecting from COVID-19. Here the authors report immune responses and breakthrough infections in twice-vaccinated patients receiving anti-TNF treatments for inflammatory bowel disease, and find dampened vaccine responses that implicate the need of adapted vaccination schedules for these patients.
- Simeng Lin
- , Nicholas A. Kennedy
- & Jeannie Bishop
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Article
| Open AccessStructure-based design of prefusion-stabilized human metapneumovirus fusion proteins
The degree to which the conformation of the human metapneumovirus fusion (F) protein affects immunogenicity has been debated. Here, Hsieh et al. engineer prefusion-stabilized F variants with enhanced thermostability that elicit higher neutralizing antibody titers in mice than postfusion F.
- Ching-Lin Hsieh
- , Scott A. Rush
- & Jason S. McLellan
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Article
| Open AccessThe indirect effect of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination on healthcare workers’ unvaccinated household members
COVID-19 vaccines are effective in preventing disease, but the extent of protection against transmission is unclear. Here, the authors use data from a cohort of healthcare workers in Finland and show that vaccination is associated with reduced infection in their unvaccinated adult household contacts.
- Jussipekka Salo
- , Milla Hägg
- & Lauri Sääksvuori
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Article
| Open AccessWaning of SARS-CoV-2 booster viral-load reduction effectiveness
The BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine has been shown to reduce viral load of breakthrough infections (BTIs). Here, analyzing viral loads of BTIs post third vaccine shot, Levine-Tiefenbrun et al. show waning of the booster’s effectiveness in reducing infectiousness within months, mirroring the rate and magnitude of decline observed post the second shot.
- Matan Levine-Tiefenbrun
- , Idan Yelin
- & Roy Kishony
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Article
| Open AccessHeterotypic interactions drive antibody synergy against a malaria vaccine candidate
Antibodies can have synergistic effects, but mechanisms are not well understood. Here, Ragotte et al. identify three antibodies that bind neighbouring epitopes on CyRPA, a malaria vaccine candidate, and show that lateral interactions between the antibodies slow dissociation and inhibit parasite growth synergistically.
- Robert J. Ragotte
- , David Pulido
- & Simon J. Draper
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Article
| Open AccessDifferential V2-directed antibody responses in non-human primates infected with SHIVs or immunized with diverse HIV vaccines
Here the authors show that an HIV vaccine in non-human primates that focuses antibodies on the V1V2 region of gp120 is superior to infection or immunization with whole envelope vaccines for inducing V1V2 antibodies with anti-viral functions that correlate with protection.
- Svenja Weiss
- , Vincenza Itri
- & Susan Zolla-Pazner
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Article
| Open AccessRe-engineered BCG overexpressing cyclic di-AMP augments trained immunity and exhibits improved efficacy against bladder cancer
Vaccination with BCG has been shown to induce a pre-priming effect in innate immune cells termed trained immunity. Here the authors re-engineer the BCG vaccine and show augmented immune responses, enhanced induction of trained immunity and improved antitumor efficacy in pre-clinical models of bladder cancer.
- Alok Kumar Singh
- , Monali Praharaj
- & Trinity J. Bivalacqua
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Article
| Open AccessHumoral and cellular responses after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with lymphoid malignancies
Vaccination is effective in preventing severe COVID-19 symptoms. Here the authors monitor patients with hematopoietic malignancy to find the third dose of the mRNA vaccine, BNT162b2, only boosts the humoral immunity in those showing responses to 2nd dose vaccination but can induce an independent T-cell response in a fraction of seronegative patients.
- Daniel Re
- , Barbara Seitz-Polski
- & Jérôme Barrière
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Article
| Open AccessDevelopment of a skin- and neuro-attenuated live vaccine for varicella
Current varicella vaccines retain neurovirulence and can establish latency and reactivate. Here, the authors present preclinical results of a rationally-designed, skin- and neuro-attenuated varicella vaccine candidate, v7D, showing its attenuation in human skin and neuronal cells and its immunogenicity in small animal models and nonhuman primates
- Wei Wang
- , Dequan Pan
- & Ningshao Xia
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Article
| Open AccessInduction of tier-2 neutralizing antibodies in mice with a DNA-encoded HIV envelope native like trimer
HIV envelope is a target for vaccine development, but induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been difficult. Here, the authors show that electroporation with a synthetic DNA vaccine construct allows in vivo production of HIV envelope native like trimers to induce autologous tier-2 neutralizing antibodies targeting a C3/V5 epitope in mice.
- Ziyang Xu
- , Susanne Walker
- & Daniel W. Kulp
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Article
| Open AccessCost-effectiveness of routine adolescent vaccination with an M72/AS01E-like tuberculosis vaccine in South Africa and India
The M72/AS01E tuberculosis vaccine has shown 50% efficacy in preventing pulmonary TB disease in infected 18–50 year olds. Here, the authors demonstrate that, in most scenarios modelled, vaccination of adolescents would also be cost effective in two high incidence settings, South Africa and India.
- Rebecca C. Harris
- , Matthew Quaife
- & Richard G. White
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Article
| Open AccessImpacts of rapid mass vaccination against SARS-CoV2 in an early variant of concern hotspot
Schwaz, Austria, experienced SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks caused by variants of concern in early 2021 and conducted a mass vaccination campaign in response, with 70% of the adult population vaccinated after 5 days. Here, the authors show that this campaign resulted in reduced infections and hospitalisations.
- Jörg Paetzold
- , Janine Kimpel
- & Hannes Winner
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Article
| Open AccessA molecular atlas of innate immunity to adjuvanted and live attenuated vaccines, in mice
Adjuvants provide additional impetus for the immune response to vaccination regimens, however their modes of activity and impact on particular compartments of the immune response are currently not well understood. Here the authors perform high resolution assessment of the immune response to a well-established vaccination model and show innate immune transcriptomic and epigenomic alterations of innate cells in the lymph nodes following vaccination.
- Audrey Lee
- , Madeleine K. D. Scott
- & Bali Pulendran
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Article
| Open AccessMultimorbidity and adverse events of special interest associated with Covid-19 vaccines in Hong Kong
Adverse events resulting from COVID-19 vaccination are a public health concern and it is not known whether pre-existing conditions may impose an increased risk. Here, using electronic health records from Hong Kong, the authors show that adverse events are rare for all groups, and there is no evidence of risk modification due to multimorbidity.
- Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai
- , Lei Huang
- & Ian Chi Kei Wong
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Article
| Open AccessSingle dose of chimeric dengue-2/Zika vaccine candidate protects mice and non-human primates against Zika virus
Here the authors generate a live-attenuated Zika vaccine based on a clinically proven dengue virus serotype-2 vaccine backbone and show that one dose protects mice and non-human primates from Zika virus infection.
- Whitney R. Baldwin
- , Holli A. Giebler
- & Claire Y.-H. Huang