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Article
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Neural manifolds for odor-driven innate and acquired appetitive preferences
It remains unclear how odorants with diverse appetitive preferences are encoded by an ensemble of neurons. Here, the authors show that such odorants can be succinctly described using low-dimensional neural representations or ‘neural manifolds.’
- Rishabh Chandak
- & Baranidharan Raman
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Article
| Open Access
Neuroinvasion and anosmia are independent phenomena upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants
Here, Dias de Melo et al. assess the clinical, olfactory, and neuroinflammatory conditions of golden hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 wt and VOCs and report that viruses can infect neurons, travel inside axons, and invade the central nervous system.
- Guilherme Dias de Melo
- , Victoire Perraud
- & Hervé Bourhy
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| Open Access
Robust odor identification in novel olfactory environments in mice
Detecting relevant odours from background odours is important for animal behaviour. Here the authors design a task to study this process in mice.
- Yan Li
- , Mitchell Swerdloff
- & Gonzalo H. Otazu
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| Open Access
Long-range GABAergic projections contribute to cortical feedback control of sensory processing
Classically, corticofugal feedback projections that adjust sensory processing are excitatory. Here, the authors uncover the presence of top-down inhibitory projections from cortical GABAergic neurons in the olfactory system, which directly inhibit olfactory bulb circuits.
- Camille Mazo
- , Antoine Nissant
- & Gabriel Lepousez
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| Open Access
Immature olfactory sensory neurons provide behaviourally relevant sensory input to the olfactory bulb
New olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) wire into highly organized olfactory bulb circuits throughout life. Here, the authors show that immature OSNs provide behaviourally relevant sensory input to olfactory bulb neurons that is functionally distinct from that provided by mature OSNs.
- Jane S. Huang
- , Tenzin Kunkhyen
- & Claire E. J. Cheetham
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| Open Access
Decoding the olfactory map through targeted transcriptomics links murine olfactory receptors to glomeruli
Targeted spatial transcriptomics mapped olfactory receptor mRNAs to sections of the murine olfactory bulb to generate an interactive, statistical, 3D model of glomeruli locations and identify an ultra-sensitive receptor-odorant relationship.
- Kevin W. Zhu
- , Shawn D. Burton
- & Hiroaki Matsunami
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| Open Access
Functional and multiscale 3D structural investigation of brain tissue through correlative in vivo physiology, synchrotron microtomography and volume electron microscopy
The function of biological tissues is encoded in their physiology and structure. Here, Bosch et al. have integrated both insights to study specific neuronal circuits by combining in vivo light, synchrotron X-ray and volume electron microscopy.
- Carles Bosch
- , Tobias Ackels
- & Andreas T. Schaefer
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| Open Access
Olfactory bulb astrocytes mediate sensory circuit processing through Sox9 in the mouse brain
Astrocytes can regulate neuronal activity. Here, the authors show that astrocyte-specific deletion of Sox9 results in impaired neuronal sensory processing in the mouse adult olfactory bulb.
- Kevin Ung
- , Teng-Wei Huang
- & Benjamin R. Arenkiel
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| Open Access
Non-invasive recording from the human olfactory bulb
Measures of neural processing can be obtained non-invasively from all areas of the human brain but one, the olfactory bulb. Here, the authors show that signals obtained from EEG electrodes at the nasal bridge represent responses from the human olfactory bulb, the so-called Electrobulbogram.
- Behzad Iravani
- , Artin Arshamian
- & Johan N. Lundström
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| Open Access
Short-term availability of adult-born neurons for memory encoding
Olfactory bulb neurogenesis raises the question of how persistent olfactory memories are retained while remaining flexible to encode new memories. Here, the authors show that new neurons can only support a single odor memory within their critical period of integration into the circuit.
- Jérémy Forest
- , Mélissa Moreno
- & Nathalie Mandairon
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| Open Access
Target specific functions of EPL interneurons in olfactory circuits
The precise cell-type specific role of inhibitory interneurons in regulating sensory responses in the olfactory bulb is not known. Here, the authors report that removing GABAergic inhibition from one layer differentially affects response dynamics of the two main output cell types and changes odor mixture processing.
- Gary Liu
- , Emmanouil Froudarakis
- & Benjamin R. Arenkiel
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| Open Access
Mesoscopic and microscopic imaging of sensory responses in the same animal
Neuronal activity leads to a local increase in blood flow and volume, a process termed hyperaemia. Here, the authors employ multiple imaging approaches of neuronal and vascular activity at varying resolution to delineate the spatiotemporal dynamics of neurovascular coupling evoked by odours in the olfactory bulb.
- Davide Boido
- , Ravi L. Rungta
- & Serge Charpak
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| Open Access
Dynamic contrast enhancement and flexible odor codes
Sensory stimuli are encountered in multiple ways necessitating a flexible and adaptive neural population code for identification. Here, the authors show that the dynamics of odor coding in the locust antennal lobe varies with stimulus context so as to enhance the target stimulus representation.
- Srinath Nizampatnam
- , Debajit Saha
- & Baranidharan Raman
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| Open Access
Olfactory bulb acetylcholine release dishabituates odor responses and reinstates odor investigation
Habituation reduces neural responsiveness to prolonged irrelevant stimuli and dishabituation reverses these effects when a salient stimulus is encountered. Here the authors demonstrate that acetylcholine is involved in dishabituating odor responses in the mouse olfactory bulb.
- M. Cameron Ogg
- , Jordan M. Ross
- & Max L. Fletcher
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| Open Access
Sema7A/PlxnCl signaling triggers activity-dependent olfactory synapse formation
The molecular mechanisms underlying synapse formation in the olfactory bulb are not fully understood. Here the authors demonstrate that semaphorin 7A on olfactory sensory neurons, and its receptor plexin C1 expressed on mitral and tufted cells, is required for correct synapse formation.
- Nobuko Inoue
- , Hirofumi Nishizumi
- & Hitoshi Sakano
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| Open Access
Architecture of a mammalian glomerular domain revealed by novel volume electroporation using nanoengineered microelectrodes
Microcircuit tracing reconstructions often rely on statistical labeling that may not detect all inputs and outputs of a microcircuit. Here the authors employ a novel electroporation approach to densely label neurons and demonstrate its ability to identify sparse anatomical features in the olfactory glomerulus.
- D. Schwarz
- , M. Kollo
- & A. T. Schaefer
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| Open Access
A primacy code for odor identity
Odor identity remains stable despite changes in concentration yet the neural mechanisms are relatively unknown. Here the authors test a primacy coding model using an optogenetic masking paradigm in mice to show that a set of earliest activated receptors are sufficient to make decisions about odor identity across concentrations.
- Christopher D. Wilson
- , Gabriela O. Serrano
- & Dmitry Rinberg
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| Open Access
Layer- and cell type-selective co-transmission by a basal forebrain cholinergic projection to the olfactory bulb
Cholinergic neurons innervate multiple layers in the main olfactory bulb but the precise circuitry of this input is not known. Here the authors show that VGLUT3+ cholinergic neurons selectively innervate deep short axon cells in specific layers and elicit robust monosynaptic GABAergic and nicotinic postsynaptic currents.
- Daniel T. Case
- , Shawn D. Burton
- & Rebecca P. Seal
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| Open Access
Measuring the olfactory bulb input-output transformation reveals a contribution to the perception of odorant concentration invariance
Humans and animals recognize an odorant across a range of odorant concentrations, but where in the olfactory processing pathway this invariance is generated is unclear. By measuring and comparing olfactory bulb outputs to inputs, the authors show that the olfactory bulb participates in generating the perception of odorant concentration invariance.
- Douglas A. Storace
- & Lawrence B. Cohen
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| Open Access
Immobility responses are induced by photoactivation of single glomerular species responsive to fox odour TMT
The olfactory bulb is arranged in glomeruli defined by their olfactory receptor expression. The authors identify an olfactory receptor for fox odour, TMT, and show that activation of the glomerulus expressing that receptor in mice leads to immobility, but does not lead to other fear behaviours.
- Harumi Saito
- , Hirofumi Nishizumi
- & Hitoshi Sakano
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| Open Access
Principal cell activity induces spine relocation of adult-born interneurons in the olfactory bulb
The mechanism by which adult-born neurons quickly adjust olfactory bulb network functioning is not understood. Here the authors describe a novel form of structural plasticity in which mature spines relocate toward active mitral cell dendrite along spine head filopodia via AMPA and BDNF mediated signalling.
- Vincent Breton-Provencher
- , Karen Bakhshetyan
- & Armen Saghatelyan
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| Open Access
Disruption of Kcc2-dependent inhibition of olfactory bulb output neurons suggests its importance in odour discrimination
Synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb (OB) is believed to play a role in odour processing. Here, the authors use a Pcdh21-driven Cre-line to disrupt KCC2 expression in OB mitral cells and find altered synaptic connectivity along with disrupted separation of odour-induced activity patterns.
- Kathrin Gödde
- , Olivier Gschwend
- & Thomas J. Jentsch
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| Open Access
Disinhibition of olfactory bulb granule cells accelerates odour discrimination in mice
How odour discrimination is influenced by granule cells in the olfactory bulb is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that disinhibition of granule cells in mice increases mitral cell inhibition and accelerates odour discrimination time, independent of odour similarity.
- Daniel Nunes
- & Thomas Kuner
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| Open Access
Cerebral complexity preceded enlarged brain size and reduced olfactory bulbs in Old World monkeys
The evolution of the brain in Old World monkeys (cercopithecoids) is poorly understood. Here the authors describe a complete endocast of Victoriapithecus, a 15 Myr old cercopithecoid, which shows that the brain size was much smaller and the olfactory bulbs much larger than in any extant catarrhine primate.
- Lauren A. Gonzales
- , Brenda R. Benefit
- & Fred Spoor
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In vivo odourant response properties of migrating adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb
Juxtaglomerular neurons (JGNs) of the mammalian olfactory bulb are generated throughout life, but when and how these adult-born cells acquire responsiveness to sensory stimuli remains unknown. Here, the authors use in vivotwo-photon imaging to monitor the migration and integration of adult-born JGNs and their sensory response properties.
- Yury Kovalchuk
- , Ryota Homma
- & Olga Garaschuk
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| Open Access
Pathological α-synuclein impairs adult-born granule cell development and functional integration in the olfactory bulb
Aggregation-prone forms of α-synuclein lead to degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, as seen in Parkinson’s disease, but less is known about the effects that the noxious protein has in other brain regions. Here, the authors investigate the effect of a pathological form of α-synuclein on the functional integration of new neurons into the olfactory bulb of adult mice.
- Johanna Neuner
- , Saak V. Ovsepian
- & Jochen Herms
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A population of glomerular glutamatergic neurons controls sensory information transfer in the mouse olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (OB) is involved in odour processing, but exactly how is unclear. Tatti et al.identify a population of VGluT3-expressing neurons within the OB that suppresses spontaneous and odour-evoked firing of OB output neurons via direct connections with OB output neurons and juxtaglomerular cells.
- Roberta Tatti
- , Khaleel Bhaukaurally
- & Alan Carleton
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Olfactory projectome in the zebrafish forebrain revealed by genetic single-neuron labelling
Genetic approaches can be used to visualize neurons at single-cell resolution. Miyasaka et al.utilize genetic single neuron tracing to investigate zebrafish olfactory circuitry, characterizing neuronal projection patterns that are part of the secondary olfactory pathway.
- Nobuhiko Miyasaka
- , Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- & Yoshihiro Yoshihara
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| Open Access
Whisker barrel cortex delta oscillations and gamma power in the awake mouse are linked to respiration
Oscillatory neuronal activity in the mammalian neocortex is implicated in cognitive processes but its generation is poorly understood. In this study, the authors show that delta band oscillatory activity in mice phase-locks with respiratory activity and that this is mediated by activity in the olfactory bulb.
- J. Ito
- , S. Roy
- & D.H. Heck
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Rats track odour trails accurately using a multi-layered strategy with near-optimal sampling
Animals track odour trails to find food, a mate or to steer clear of danger. Bhalla and colleagues combine behavioural and physiological measurements to show that rats can track surface-borne odours with near-optimal sampling and are able to predict the path direction on encountering a bifurcation.
- Adil Ghani Khan
- , Manaswini Sarangi
- & Upinder Singh Bhalla
A sex-specific thermogenic neurocircuit induced by predator smell recruiting cholecystokinin neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus