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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led to a paradigm shift in cancer therapy; however, these agents can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in off-target organs. This Review describes the mechanism of action of ICI therapies and how these agents induce irAEs in the kidney and heart.
Improved understanding of HLAs together with advances in HLA typing and antibody detection techniques have enabled transplantation of sensitized patients. Here, the authors discuss these advances as well as novel approaches to desensitization, immunomodulation and tolerance induction.
Many considered the failure of the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 trial to represent the end of therapeutic renal denervation. However, promising preliminary data from the SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED study and more recently the SPYRAL HTN-ON MED and RADIANCE-HTN SOLO studies support the efficacy of this intervention for blood pressure lowering in patients with hypertension.
Cytoreductive nephrectomy is the current treatment paradigm for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the introduction of targeted therapies has dramatically changed the treatment landscape and may limit the role of nephrectomy in this disease. The recent CARMENA trial supports initial medical treatment of patients with RCC and synchronous metastases.
This Perspectives article describes supporting and contradicting data regarding the role of podocyte B7-1 in the pathogenesis of various podocytopathies and highlights issues that need to be addressed to standardize approaches to the study of this protein.
Renal pericytes have important roles in kidney development, blood pressure regulation and the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Here, the authors review the embryonic development, adult tissue distribution and physiological and pathological roles of the various pericyte subsets in the kidney.
Intensive lowering of blood pressure can decrease the risk of death and cardiovascular events in individuals with hypertension. However, a reanalysis of data from the SPRINT and ACCORD trials suggests that intensive blood pressure lowering increases the risk of chronic kidney disease.
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted much attention for their ability to regulate inflammatory processes. Here, Shi et al. discuss current understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSCs and issues related to their therapeutic application.
Three reports from the TRACERx Renal study delineate the precise origin and evolution of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in minute detail. The insights gained from these studies might provide improved disease prognostics and identify novel therapeutic targets.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors provide metabolic and cardiorenal benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes but are associated with a number of safety issues. Here, we discuss evidence suggesting that indirect activation of the FGF23–1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D–parathyroid hormone axis by SGLT2 inhibition might contribute to adverse effects on bone health.
Kidney transplant recipients have an increased risk of developing de novo or recurrent cancer compared with age-matched and gender-matched individuals from the general population. Here, Au et al. describe the epidemiology and outcomes of cancers in transplant recipients and discuss approaches to reduce cancer prevalence as well as post-transplantation cancer management, including approaches for modulating immunosuppression.
