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Synthetic biology is maturing into a true engineering discipline for model microorganisms, but remains far from straightforward for most eukaryotes. Here, we outline the key challenges facing those trying to engineer biology across eukaryota and suggest areas of focus that will aid future progress.
Cellular organelles extensively communicate with each other by close interactions, known as membrane contact sites. Schuldiner and Bohnert comment on the progress of this rapidly developing field, highlighting that the complexity of interactions at membrane contact sites is only now starting to emerge.
Two independent studies now show that polymerization of branched actin at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) mediates chromatin dynamics associated with homology-directed repair and is required for a robust and error-free DSB repair process.
Increased shortening of RNA 3′ untranslated regions associated with tumorigenic transformation interferes with competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, which results in trans-repression of tumour suppressors through microRNA-mediated silencing.
MicroRNAs derived from a virus and teratocytes of a parasitic wasp are expressed in a host moth and delay its development by inhibiting the ecdysone receptor.
DNA methylation in plants mediates gene expression, transposon silencing, chromosome interactions and genome stability. It is therefore not surprising that the regulation of DNA methylation is important for plant development and for plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Taking advantage of genetic engineering, synthetic biology allows control and design of new cell functions. Recent advances in the development of genetic tools and the assembly of progressively more sophisticated gene circuits have made ‘designer cells’ a reality, with applications ranging from industry and biotechnology to medicine.
Ribosomes encounter obstacles during translation elongation that cause their stalling and can have a profound impact on protein yield. Ribosome stalling depends on the genetic code, amino acid availability, regulatory elements and mRNA context and can be resolved by resumption of translation or by ribosome rescue and recycling.
