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Catenins are typically considered to function at cell–cell junctions. However, it has recently become evident that multiple catenins can enter the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Thus, catenins might form complex networks, coupling membrane-associated signalling with transcriptional events.
How endocytic pits are formed in clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis remains poorly understood. However, recent insight suggests that different forms of clathrin-independent endocytosis might involve the actin-driven focusing of membrane constituents, the lectin–glycosphingolipid-dependent construction of endocytic nanoenvironments and the use of Bin–Amphiphysin–Rvs (BAR) domain proteins as scaffolding modules.
