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This study links the complement-mediated retraction of T helper 1 cell responses to vitamin D receptor signalling, an autoregulatory loop that might be impaired in patients with COVID-19.
A preprint by Sanin et al. establishes a transcriptional framework to define common macrophage activation states across tissues and biological conditions.
Transient skin inflammation in early life leads to the development of T helper 2 cell–fibroblast niches that alter wound repair responses and may drive fibrotic pathology later in life.
A preprint by Kersten et al. describes a positive-feedback loop promoting the mutual formation of tumour-associated macrophages and exhausted T cells as they move towards the tumour core.
In this Review, Brian Laidlaw and Ali Ellebedy outline our current understanding of the germinal centre response in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its importance for establishing protective immunity against the virus. They also consider the germinal centre responses seen following vaccination and how germinal centre responses may be modulated to induce broad protection against new variants of SARS-CoV-2.
In this Review, Iannacone and Guidotti discuss the immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with a particular focus on the role of CD8+ T cells, and examine recent breakthroughs that challenge current dogmas.
This Review discusses evidence from clinical studies and animal models regarding the effects of the gut microbiota on modulating immune responses to vaccination as well as the immunological mechanisms that potentially mediate these effects.
In this Perspective, Lok-Yin Roy Wong and Stanley Perlman consider how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and related coronaviruses are able to drive immune dysregulation and immunopathology. They provide an overview of the coronavirus-derived molecules that interfere with key innate immune responses, including interferon pathways and complement, NF-κB signalling and inflammasome activation, as well as with the activation of host adaptive immunity.
Here, Lipsitch and colleagues assess the impact of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections that occur in individuals who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. The authors explain how the rate of breakthrough infections can be measured, what the causes of these infections are and discuss other key questions that need to be considered in light of these infections.
