Browse Articles

This Review describes our current understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses in the urinary tract and how immunomodulatory therapies could provide benefit in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance among uropathogens.

This Review focuses on the lesser studied antigen-presenting molecules group 1 CD1 proteins and MHC class I-related protein (MR1). The authors explain how their mode of presentation of lipids and small molecules to T cells differs from that of peptide–MHC presentation, and how new technologies are revealing unique T cell subsets that are specific for CD1 and MR1 proteins.

This Review describes the host immune response toCandida fungal infections. The authors detail the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, as well as the non-immune mechanisms, that are involved in the antifungal response. They also discuss emerging evidence suggesting that both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to immune memory against Candidaspecies.

Regulatory T cells have a non-redundant role in tissue repair that is distinct from their suppressive functions.

The epigenetic modifier TET2 is required to repress interleukin-6 gene transcription and resolve inflammation.

The transcription factor ATF7 mediates epigenetic changes that lead to innate immune memory.

Here, the authors review new insights into the diverse and pleiotropic roles of cytokines at different stages of colorectal cancer development and progression, emphasizing mutations and epigenetic adaptations that influence the oncogenic potential of cytokines and summarizing the challenges posed by complex cytokine networks for cancer immunomodulatory therapy.

The intestinal microbiota activates pathogenic T cells in a model of autoimmune uveitis.

The mucosal immune system supports intestinal commensalism in multiple ways.

Malaria infection modifies endemic Burkitt lymphomas by inducing a prolonged expansion of germinal centre B cell numbers.

Nucleic acid-sensing receptors are crucial for initiating protective immune responses against viruses, but aberrant activation of these receptors can also drive pathological inflammation. In this Review, the authors discuss the new agonists and antagonists that are being developed to target these receptors in the clinic.

The cytoskeleton is important for both cell structure and cell function. In this Review, the authors summarize the emerging roles of cytoskeletal components in sensing and eliminating bacterial pathogens from host cells.

The first demonstration of memory NK cells in a primate species that mount a durable antigen-specific response over a period of several years.

Jeffrey Pollard describes a 2003 study by Enzleret al. that identified the immune response against bacteria as preventing chronic inflammation-associated tumour development.

T cell differentiation and metabolism are intimately linked. This article describes how T cell receptor-induced transcription factors cooperate with canonical nutrient-sensing pathways to integrate antigen-specific and metabolic signals and appropriately modulate adaptive immune responses.

The enormous potential offered by chromatin profiling to reveal the past, present and future activity of a cell, as well as its ability to respond to the tissue environment, warrants the widespread use of this technique in immunological research.

Tumour suppressor p53 promotes immune tolerance by clearing apoptotic cells and upregulating immune checkpoint molecules.

This Review provides an insightful discussion on the current concepts in multiple sclerosis research, including genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, and explores the evolving link between inflammation and neurodegeneration. The authors highlight the clinical challenges and key questions that remain to be addressed.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) prime macrophages for interleukin-1β production in atherosclerosis.