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Calcific aortic stenosis (AS) involves fibro-calcific remodelling of the aortic valve that causes restriction of blood flow. Pibarot and colleagues discuss the mechanisms, diagnosis and management of AS and highlight how the introduction of transcatheter-based valve replacement has transformed patient outcomes.
Kidney stones form when the urine becomes supersaturated with respect to a mineral, leading to crystal formation, growth, aggregation and retention within the kidneys. In this Primer, Khan et al. describe the contributing pathways to stone formation and the available treatments, as well as highlight the emerging management strategies.
Although IgA nephropathy is a common primary glomerulonephritis, its exact pathogenesis is not well defined. In this Primer, Lai et al. report a broad overview of the disease, from pathogenesis to therapy.
Erectile dysfunction is a multidimensional but common male sexual dysfunction involving an alteration in any of the components of the erectile response. This Primer highlights numerous aspects of the condition, summarizing various treatments and ongoing preclinical studies.
In this Primer, Dharnidharka et al. describe post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). PTLDs are a group of lymphoma-like conditions characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid cells as a consequence of therapeutic immunosuppression, following solid organ or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common congenital heart abnormality and is present in approximately ∼25% of the adult population. In this Primer, Homma et al. describe various aspects of PFOs, focusing on their potential relationship with stroke.
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is caused by an autoimmune response to group A streptococcal infection. Severe and/or repeated episodes of ARF can lead to rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Both conditions predominantly affect those experiencing economic disadvantage.
Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of movement and posture disorders caused by brain injury acquired during the antenatal, perinatal or early postnatal period. Here, Graham et al. describe this complex disease entity, the possible causes and the clinical management of the disorder.
