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For cancer therapies to succeed, induction of an anticancer immune response is required. Immuno-oncology approaches are shaping the treatment landscape for patients with advanced-stage melanoma and other solid tumours. These new approaches may enhance immune system activity to improve outcomes, including the potential to achieve long-term survival benefits in many patients.
Brain metastasis is an important complication associated with a number of common primary cancers, including lung and breast cancers, and melanoma, and has major effects on patient morbidity and mortality. This Review discusses the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of brain metastases, and how this knowledge has influenced the imaging, surgical, radiological and pharmaceutical approaches involved in the management of brain metastasis.
The recent IBIS-II clinical trial results demonstrate anastrozole reduces breast cancer incidence by 53% in postmenopausal women. While this is a major advance in prevention research, its impact on clinical practice will ultimately depend upon subject perception of risk, adverse effects and benefits of anastrozole versus other available cancer preventive therapies.
Between 2005 and 2007, mutations in JAK2 and MPL were described in most patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). These seminal discoveries have forever changed our diagnostic approach to MPN. In December 2013, mutations in CALR were reported in MPN wild-type for JAK2 and MPL. These mutations provide additional diagnostic and prognostic tools in MPN.