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The immunological processes occurring in the upper respiratory tract during COVID-19 are relatively poorly understood. Jochems and colleagues observe durable changes in the upper respiratory tract following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including evidence of virus-specific tissue memory T cells.
Lanz and colleagues show that the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 activates a non-neutralizing recall response predominantly targeting the S2 subunit of the spike protein, while the second dose boosts neutralizing antibodies specific for the receptor binding domain of the spike protein.
ILC2 metabolism has been largely unexplored. Di Santo and colleagues examine metabolic profiles from naive and cytokine-activated ILC2s and find that IL-33-triggered ILC2s rely on distinct metabolic pathways to sustain proliferation and function.
Scheiermann and colleagues show that circadian clocks control the infiltration of dendritic cells into skin lymphatics in mice and humans, with a peak migration to the lymph nodes during the rest phase.
RIG-I is a cytosolic nucleic acid sensor triggering type I IFN production. Takaoka and colleagues find that RIG-I recognizes SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a noncanonical manner and fails to activate type I IFN, but it directly restricts viral replication.