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Water-bearing subducted slabs may not dehydrate and contribute to chemical heterogeneities at the core–mantle boundary, according to high-pressure and high-temperature melting experiments.
Millennial-scale trends in cosmogenic radionuclide production rates through the Holocene are largely the result of variations in geomagnetic field and not solar activity, according to an analysis of several radionuclide records and geomagnetic field models.
Chemical regimes of atmospheric secondary inorganic aerosol formation in rural areas of the United States shifted from NH3-sensitive to NH3-insensitive between 2011 and 2020, according to analyses of long-term observational data on aerosol composition and gaseous precursors.
High-resolution spacecraft imagery has revealed transient deposits that appear in the early mornings of cold seasons at the high altitudes of the Tharsis volcanoes on Mars, consistent with water frost of atmospheric origin.
Model projections suggest that shallow groundwater temperatures will increase by 2.1 °C by the end of the century, with groundwater expected to exceed drinkable temperatures in a number of populated regions under a medium-emissions pathway.
Oxygen isotopic evidence from Jack Hill zircon crystals suggests that meteoric (fresh) water interacted with crustal magma systems four billion years ago, meaning that the hydrological cycle began at or before this time.
The intermediate-scale Kamchatka thermochemical anomaly segregated from the Perm anomaly and may have generated a mantle plume before merging with the Pacific large low-velocity province, according to a study of mantle tomographic and numerical models.
Substantial evolution of the Nile River over the past 11,500 years, shaping the riverine landscape and ancient Egyptian culture, is linked to climate and environmental changes, according to analyses of sediment cores near Luxor dated with optically stimulated luminescence.
Model projections suggest that, even under a low-emissions scenario, lakes on the Tibetan Plateau will increase in area by about 50% by 2100, with widespread impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems.
Explosive volcanic eruptions of Kīlauea in Hawaii can be explained by sudden subsidence of reservoir roof rock causing gas and lithic debris venting by a mechanism similar to that of a stomp rocket, according to seismic inversions for reservoir pressure changes.
External climate forcing has consistently amplified Arctic warming by a factor of three over the last 50 years, but natural variability has induced substantial fluctuations, according to a comparison of observations and model simulations.
Coastal seaweed transported to the open ocean contributes up to 3–4% of the particulate organic carbon sinking into the deeper ocean, according to combined ecological and biogeochemical modelling.
The resilience of tropical forest ecosystems to seasonal drought is linked to terrestrial potassium and phosphorus availability, according to a nutrient addition experiment in a moist forest in Uganda.
Water in the mantle transition zone beneath Northeast Asia is sourced from the Earth’s surface and introduced by the subducted Pacific slab, according to a study of potassium isotopes from Cenozoic volcanics.
Isotopically depleted organic matter reported in ancient sediments on Mars could have been synthesized from CO produced due to photolysis of CO2 in the early Martian atmosphere.
Patagonian ice sheet changes largely mirrored those of the Northern Hemisphere over the last glacial cycle owing to displacements of the southern westerly winds, according to beryllium isotope constraints.
Maintenance of estuarine tidal flats requires a minimum turbidity level that increases with tidal range, according to a global analysis of tidal-flat changes from satellite imagery.
Hydrothermal flow pathways and extent of alteration within serpentinized peridotite in Mid-Atlantic Ridge oceanic core complexes are modulated by mafic intrusions, according to full waveform inversion of seismic data and local earthquake tomography.
The accumulation of partial melt at two distinct depth ranges in the asthenosphere is widespread, including in areas of mantle upflow, according to a study of Y/Yb compositions of oceanic and continental basalts.
The impact of forest loss on land surface temperature in the tropics is five times greater than the response to forest gain, according to satellite observations of temperature and land cover.