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Thorsten Schnurbusch, Helmy Youssef and colleagues show that VRS2, a transcription factor of the SHI family, regulates floral organ patterning and phase duration during spike development in barley. Their data establish a link between the SHI protein family and sucrose metabolism during organ growth and development.
John Storey, David Blei and colleagues present a method, TeraStructure, for estimating population structure from human genomic data sets on a scale not possible with current methods. TeraStructure is able to analyze data from the Human Genome Diversity Panel and the 1000 Genomes Project in less than three hours.
Yuehui He and colleagues show that VAL1 and VAL2 bind to a cis-regulatory element at the FLC locus and are required for its epigenetic silencing during vernalization in Arabidopsis. They further report that VAL proteins recognize the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 and are necessary for genomic binding of the Polycomb silencing partner LHP1.
Sebastien Gagneux and colleagues analyze a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates to classify sublineages by phylogeography. They find globally distributed ‘generalist’ and geographically restricted ‘specialist’ sublineages of lineage 4, indicating that different evolutionary strategies were adopted to succeed in various ecological niches.
Pim van der Harst and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for resting heart rate in individuals of European ancestry and identify 64 associated loci, 46 of which have not been previously reported. A genetic risk score constructed using the associated variants is significantly associated with increased mortality risk.
Melinda Mills, Nicola Barban, Harold Snieder, Marcel den Hoed and colleagues perform a meta-analysis of data from over 300,000 individuals for age at first birth and number of children ever born. They identify 12 significant loci that associate with these traits, providing insights into the genetic basis of human reproductive behavior.
Xu Tan, Yong Yang and colleagues identify patients with epidermolysis bullosa harboring mutations in KLHL24, which encodes a cullin 3–RBX1 ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor. They find that truncating mutations stabilize the protein by abolishing autoubiquitination, leading to enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of KRT14, the target substrate of KLHL24.
Lars Bullinger, Jinghui Zhang, Jeffery Klco, James Downing and colleagues report a detailed genomic analysis of pediatric and adult core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemias (CBF-AMLs). They identify recurrent mutations in CCND2, MGA, DHX15 and ZBTB7A and highlight dramatic differences in the landscape of cooperating mutations between different CBF-AML subtypes.
Stabilization of p53 protein is a key step in the cellular response to DNA damage. A new study describes a long noncoding RNA, DINO, transcribed from the CDKN1A promoter region that induces stabilization of p53 protein and promotes efficient activation of p53 target genes in response to DNA damage.
Single-nucleotide variation (SNPs or SNVs) in the human genome is now being used by the public and by researchers interested in the functional mechanisms of genetic perturbation for the 3D structure and function of the nucleus in various cells and tissues, and for understanding human–microbiota interactions. We have some requests for authors that may help prevent misunderstanding as familiar genetic markers acquire new users.
Methylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9) is a hallmark of transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin that is deregulated in pathological conditions. A new study shows that complete loss of H3K9 methylation in Caenorhabditis elegans leads to derepression of repetitive elements and formation of DNA:RNA hybrids (R loops), resulting in increased rates of repeat-specific mutation.
As the first series of genetic analyses of gut microbiome composition in humans is now emerging, the results should be met with enthusiasm, but also with caution. Findings from the initial offerings demonstrate how population-scale approaches can provide deeper insights into host–microbiome interactions while at the same time illustrating that our understanding of the architecture of highly complex microbiome 'traits' is still rudimentary.
Marika Charalambous and colleagues show that, in mice, the fetus is the source of maternal circulating DLK1, which regulates the mother's metabolism during pregnancy. They also find that maternal circulating DLK1 levels predict embryonic weight in mice and associate with fetal growth restriction in a human cohort.
Bikram Gill and colleagues report map-based cloning of Fhb1, which confers resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat. They show that the PFT gene at Fhb1 confers resistance and encodes a chimeric lectin with agglutinin domains and a pore-forming toxin domain, identifying a new type of durable plant-resistance gene.
Daehyun Baek and colleagues present a systematic analysis of more than 2 billion potential miRNA–gene target interactions using publicly available human microarray data. The authors find evidence for four canonical and seven non-canonical site types that show detectable downregulation of target genes, and they present functional validation for the new site types.
Gill Bejerano and colleagues present M-CAP, a classifier that estimates variant pathogenicity in clinical exome data sets. They show that M-CAP outperforms other existing methods at all thresholds and correctly dismisses 60% of rare missense variants of uncertain significance at 95% sensitivity.
Charles Mullighan, Jinghui Zhang and colleagues characterize a subtype of B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with deregulated DUX4 and ERG. They find that aberrant DUX4 activation results in loss of ERG function, either through deletion or by the induction a novel transforming ERG isoform, ERGalt, that inhibits wild-type ERG activity.
Donald Conrad and colleagues present a method, PSAP, for prioritizing potential Mendelian disease-causing variants in single human exomes using pathogenicity scores and observed allele frequencies in the unaffected population. They apply PSAP to cohorts of undiagnosed disease exomes and identify candidate disease variants for future study.
Mark Rubin, Francesca Demichelis and colleagues study the evolution of urothelial carcinomas by performing whole-exome sequencing of tumors collected from patients before and after chemotherapy. They find marked within-patient tumor heterogeneity and increased mutations involved in integrin signaling pathways and APOBEC-induced mutation signatures after treatment.
Joshua Milner and colleagues show that increased TPSAB1 copy number causes a multisystem disorder marked by elevated basal serum tryptase levels. Shared symptoms in affected individuals include irritable bowel syndrome, cutaneous flushing and pruritus, connective tissue abnormalities and dysautonomia.
