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Zhu et al. found that cholinergic signals from the basal forebrain relay auditory information to the auditory cortex. These signals are modulated by brain and behavioral states and provide repeated auditory representations across the cortical tonotopy.
Sydnor et al. provide evidence that human neurodevelopment unfolds along a hierarchical cortical axis from childhood to adolescence and demonstrate how environmental influences on the maturing brain are shaped by this developmental program.
This study reveals a common mechanism for active reboot of consciousness from anesthesia. Ubiquitination degradation of KCC2 in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) leads to GABAA receptor-mediated disinhibition, triggering and accelerating recovery of VPM neuron activity and consciousness.
The authors pooled resources to identify best practices and develop a new standardized protocol for estimating functional connectivity in rats with magnetic resonance imaging.
The statistics of natural scenes are not uniform—their structure varies dramatically from ground to sky. A combination of theory and experiments revealed that the visual system has adapted to these inhomogeneities to increase coding efficiency.
Knowing one’s own behavioral state is important to contextualize sensory cues and identify appropriate future actions. Here the authors show how neurons ascending from the fly motor system convey behavioral state signals to specific brain regions.
Chen et al. describe a new subtype of reactive astrocyte formed by APOE-mediated lipid accumulation in individuals with epilepsy and mouse models. These reactive astrocytes aggravate seizure symptoms and could serve as new therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
The mechanisms of remyelination are unclear. Here, the authors develop and use two-photon apoptotic targeted ablation and show a form of rapid synchronous remyelination mediated by a distinct subset of OPCs that can occur in adult mice but not in aging.
The authors compare three classes of models—acoustic, semantic and sound-to-event deep neural network—to determine which can best link specific features of auditory stimuli to predicted functional magnetic resonance imaging responses in auditory cortical regions.
The caudal ventrolateral medulla was thought to be involved in pain control, but its pathway was unknown. Here, Gu et al. identify the molecular components of a caudal ventrolateral medulla–locus coeruleus–spinal cord pathway and show it has a role in counter-stimulus pain control.
Buch et al. used machine learning to identify brain–behavior dimensions that define four robust ASD subtypes linked to distinct molecular pathways and that suggest personalized therapeutic targets for circuit-based neuromodulation and pharmacotherapy.
This study mapped the developmental trajectory of transmission speed in the human brain by using electrical pulses and intracranial recordings. The authors found that these pulses travel with increasing speeds up to at least the age of 30.
The authors find that 40-Hz flickering light does not suppress Aβ, activate microglia or engage native gamma oscillations. Thus, visual flicker stimulation may not be a viable mechanism for altering AD pathology and modulating deep structures.
The Neuro-stack is a wearable platform for recording from single neurons in freely moving humans. It also allows for personalized stimulation during real-time decoding of neural activity.
The authors developed flexible, unfolded mesh electronics for implantation in multiple brain regions of mice. The probes show minimal immune response and electrode drift, enabling stable recording of single-unit action potentials from the same neurons during the adult life of animals.
Information flowing among connected peers shapes our beliefs and decisions. Jiang et al. show that learning on social networks is biased toward well-connected individuals, with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex tracking connectedness on the network that routes learning.
Tovote and colleagues present an analytical framework that integrates threat-evoked inter-related behavioral and cardiac adjustments and allows identification of short- and long-lasting defensive states and their midbrain neuronal mediators.
Microglia mediate aberrant synapse engulfment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here the authors show a perivascular cells-to-microglia crosstalk that induces microglia phagocytic state resulting in synapse engulfment in two mouse models of AD.
The authors map thalamic synapses onto layer 2/3 mouse visual cortex neurons, showing they are sparse, small and heterogeneously distributed. Modeling these data suggests that a few neurons could together reliably decode thalamic visual input.
Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying pathology can shed light on its mechanisms. Here the authors introduce STARmap PLUS, a method that combines high-resolution spatial transcriptomics with protein detection.
