Abstract
Objective:
To assess the use of analgesia guidelines for newborn infants in the United Kingdom.
Study Design:
Postal questionnaire to every neonatal unit in the United Kingdom.
Result:
A total of 192 of 244 units replied (78.7% response). Most units had a guideline for elective intubation (70%), sedation for ventilation (78%) post-operative pain (when appropriate) (74%). Less prevalent were guidelines for painful minor procedures (35%). Only 33% of units gave a sweet-tasting solution for analgesia before routine painful procedures and 12% used a topical anesthetic cream.
Conclusion:
Since the last survey in 2000 there has been a modest increased uptake in measures to prevent pain neonatal pain in the United Kingdom, but no pain guideline was present in almost 25% of units and no guideline for routine painful procedures in the majority.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Whitfield MF, Gruneau RE . Behaviour, pain perception and the extremely low birth weight survivor. Clin Perinatol 2000; 27: 363–379.
Anand KJS, Scalzo FM . Can adverse experiences alter brain development and subsequent behaviour? Biol Neonate 2000; 77: 69–82.
Porter FL, Gruneau RE, Anand KJS . Long-term effects of pain in infants. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1999; 4: 253–261.
Johnston CC, Stevens BJ . Experience in a neonatal intensive care unit affects pain response. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 5–925.
Anand KJ . Clinical importance of pain and stress in preterm neonates. Biol Neonate 1998; 73(1): 1–9.
Taddio A . Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet 1997; 349: 599–603.
Als H, Lawhon G, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Gibes-Grossman R, Blickman JG . Individualised developmental care for the very low-birth-weight preterm infant. Medical and neurofunctional effects. JAMA 1994; 272(11): 853–858.
Lago P et al. Pain management in the neonatal intensive care unit: a National survey in Italy. Pediatr Anaesth 2005; 15(11): 925.
Harrison D, Loughnan P, Johnston L . Pain assessment and procedural pain management practices in neonatal units in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42: 6–9.
Directory of Critical Care. CMA Medical Data 2005.
Standards For Hospitals Providing Neonatal Intensive and High Dependency Care. 2nd edn. BAPM 2001; 6.
Sabrine N, Sinha S . Pain in neonates. Lancet 2000; 355: 932–933.
Prevention and Management of Pain and Stress in the Neonate, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Committee on Drugs, Section on Anaesthesiology, Section on Surgery and Canadian Pediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 454–461.
Anand KJS, The International Evidence Based Group For Neonatal Pain Consensus Statement For The Prevention And Management Of Pain In The Newborn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155(2): 173.
Jain A, Rutter N . Local anaesthetic effect of topical amethocaine gel in neonates: randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 82(1): F42–F45.
O'Brien L, Taddio A, Lyszkiewicz DA, Koren G . A critical review of the topical local anesthetic amethocaine (Ametop) for pediatric pain. Paediatr Drugs 2005; 7(1): 41–54.
Couper RT . Methaemoglobinaemia secondary to topical lignocaine/prilocaine in a circumcised neonate. J Paediatr Child Health 2000; 36(4): 406–407.
Law RM, Halpern S, Martins RF, Reich H, Innanen V, Ohlsson A . Measurement of methemoglobin after EMLA analgesia for newborn circumcision. Biol Neonate 1996; 70(4): 213–217.
Jain A, Rutter N . Does topical amethocaine gel reduce the pain of venepuncture in newborn infants? A randomised double blind controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 83(3): F207–F210.
O'Brien L, Taddio A, Ipp M, Goldbach M, Koren G . Topical 4% amethocaine gel reduces the pain of subcutaneous measles–mumps–rubella vaccination. Pediatrics 2004; 114(6): e720–e724.
Ballantyne M, McNair C, Ung E, Gibbins S, Stevens B . A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of tetracaine gel for pain relief from peripherally inserted central catheters in infants. Adv Neonatal Care 2003; 3(6): 297–307.
Jain A, Rutter N, Ratnayaka M . Topical amethocaine gel for pain relief of heel prick blood sampling: a randomised double blind controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001; 84(1): F56–F59.
Jain A, Rutter N . Topical amethocaine gel in the newborn infant: how soon does it work and how long does it last? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 83(3): F211–F214.
Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A . Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; (3): CD001069.
Carbajal R, Veerapen S, Courderc S, Jugie M, Ville Y . Analgesic effect of breast feeding in term neonates: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 2003; 326: 13.
Fernandez CV, Rees EP . Pain Management in Canadian Level 3 neonatal intensive care units. 1994; 150: 469–470.
Simon l, Trifa M, Mokhtari M, Hamza J, Treluyer JM . Premedication for tracheal intubation: a prospective survey in 75 neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 614–616.
Anand KJS, for the NEOPIAN Investigators Group. Effects of morphine analgesia in ventilated preterm infants: primary outcomes form the NEOPAIN randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 9422.
Davis D . Continuing education, guidelines implementation, and the emerging transdisciplinary field of knowledge translation. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2006; 26: 5–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
This article is cited by
-
Neonatal preintubation sedation: a national survey in Malaysia
BMC Research Notes (2015)
-
Schmerzmanagement bei Kindern in der Schweiz
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde (2012)
-
La douleur chez le nouveau-né: conséquences à long terme et prise en charge
Douleur et Analgésie (2010)
-
Neonatal pain treatment: ethical to be effective
Journal of Perinatology (2008)