GI Motility Online

Table 4 - Videofluoroscopic findings in CNS disorders causing oropharyngeal swallowing abnormalities.

From the following article

Neurological disorders affecting oral, pharyngeal swallowing

Stephanie K. Daniels

GI Motility online (2006)

doi:10.1038/gimo34

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DiseaseSymptom/finding

, decrease; BOT, base of tongue; UES, upper esophageal sphincter.

StrokeLateral sulci retention, delayed oral transfer, delayed pharyngeal swallow, hyolaryngeal elevation, unilateral pharyngeal hemiparesis, aspiration4
Traumatic brain injury Oral control; BOT retraction, delayed pharyngeal swallow; hyolaryngeal elevation; aspiration87
Tardive dyskinesiaTongue thrust,100 disorganized tongue movements, pharyngeal pooling, aspiration101, 102
Cervical spine surgery
Carotid endarterectomy		 Hyolaryngeal elevation, pharyngeal movement, UES opening, aspiration103, 104
Epiglottic movement, pharyngeal contraction90
Alzheimer's dementiaDelayed oral transfer, delayed pharyngeal swallow, residue, aspiration as the disease progresses92, 105
Frontotemporal dementiaPer family: regulation of amount of food placed in the oral cavity, lack of chewing93
No imaging studies of FTD or in other dementias
Parkinson's diseaseLingual tremor, multiple lingual gestures, laryngeal elevation, UES relaxation, oral and pharyngeal residue, aspiration as the diseases progresses106, 107, 108
Progressive supranuclear palsy Tongue mobility, premature spillage, delayed pharyngeal swallow, impulsive, poor regulation of quantities placed in oral cavity50, 109
Olivopontocerebellar atrophyNo studies
Huntington's diseaseLingual chorea, asynchronicity of respiration and swallowing, continual postural changes that impact oral and pharyngeal motility, tachyphagia—rapid unregulated swallowing, eructation-excessive belching27
Wilson's diseasePharyngeal residue, aspiration110
Multiple Sclerosis Bolus formation, delayed pharyngeal swallow, pharyngeal contraction, UES relaxation111
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lingual motility, delayed pharyngeal swallow, laryngeal elevation, delayed and reduced duration of UES opening, aspiration112, 113, 114
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