GI Motility Online

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From the following article

Sphincter mechanisms at the lower end of the esophagus

Ravinder K. Mittal and Raj K. Goyal

GI Motility online (2006)

doi:10.1038/gimo14

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Figure 1 - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, or to obtain a text description, please contact npg@nature.com

Figure 1

Anatomy of the esophagogastric junction.

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Figure 2

Ultrasonographic images of the esophagus (left) and lower esophageal sphincter (LES, right).

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Figure 3

Esophagogastric junction pressure (EGJP) during diaphragmatic contraction recorded by a reverse perfused sleeve sensor equipped with electrodes to record electromyographic activity of the crural diaphragm.

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Figure 4

Reflex contraction of the esophagogastric junction recorded by a reverse perfused sleeve sensor equipped with electrodes to record crural DEMG activity.

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Figure 5

An example of swallow-induced lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (left) and transient LES relaxation (right).

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Figure 6

Physiologic record of a spontaneous, transient relaxation of the LES.

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Figure 7

Neural pathways to the LES and crural diaphragm.

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Table 1 - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, or to obtain a text description, please contact npg@nature.com

Table 1

Effects of some hormones and putative neurotransmitters on the lower esophageal sphincter and the possible sites of action

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Table 2

Pharmacologic agents known to inhibit transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations

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