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Intense rainfall events resulting from strong atmospheric river activity two and three millennia ago exceeded those of the 20th century around Leonard Lake, California, according to a 3,200-year reconstruction of integrated vapor transport derived from sediment geochemical data.
Reductions in groundwater level due to El Niño-induced drought events changed an undrained tropical peat swamp forest from a carbon dioxide sink to a source with cumulative impacts of drainage and smoke haze further enhancing long term emissions, suggest long-term field experiments in Indonesia.
Uncertainties associated with the choice of dry indicators impact future projections of compound hot-dry extremes and are greater than scenario uncertainty in some regions, according to an analysis of different indices from multi-model ensemble simulations.
Iceflow acceleration in Greenland has propagated deep inland, even outside fast-flowing channels, in the region upstream of Jakobshavn Isbrae, according to in-situ measurements at eleven locations with measurements going back to 1959.
Oceanic deoxygenation began about one million years earlier than the marine End-Permian mass extinction, as indicated by variations in magnetic mineral assemblages and geochemical anomalies.
A total of 114,000 ± 9,400 km3 of precipitation falls on land each year with high dataset consensus over tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, and low agreement over arid and mountain regions, according to an analysis of 17 precipitation datasets over the period 2000-2019.
Climate change effects magnified an intense heat dome over western North America leading to record breaking fire-conducive weather, widespread burning and extreme fire activity in Canada and the United States in July 2021, suggest an analysis of upper air and surface weather.
Nature-based solutions can reduce the immediate risks and impacts of climate change in coastal areas and increase adaptive capacity in the agricultural sector in low- and middle-income countries, according to a systematic review of 363 empirical studies.
The effectiveness of carbon dioxide emission reduction targets increases with the level of the targets’ ambition and countries’ education level and income equality, according to an analysis using an econometric model and emission intensity and socio-economic data for 163 countries over the past decade.
A reduction in sea ice formation associated with weaker deep ocean convection during the Last Interglacial could have triggered an increase in Southern Ocean subsurface temperatures of 2–3 °C and thus potential basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves, according to climate model simulations.
The number of small bubbles at the ice-water interface in a perennially ice-covered lake varies in response to changes in ice thickness leading to seasonal variations in the backscatter detected by synthetic aperture radar, suggests 4-year observational time series from Lake Untersee, Antarctica.
The fire ban implemented during burning seasons in the Brazilian Amazon helped reduce the number of fires in 2019 but proved largely ineffective in 2020 and 2021, according to an analysis of observed fires activity and model simulations of expected fires in the absence of a ban over 2019–2021.
An extensive collapse of the south Scandinavian Caledonides is evident from large-scale folding and shear zones observed in the offshore basement of the North Sea Rift, using modern 3D broadband seismic data.
Methane emissions from agriculture and waste increased between 1990 and 2020 while fossil fuel emissions decreased until 2004 and subsequently stabilised, suggest isotopic observations of methane emissions and atmospheric chemistry modelling.
Assemblages of benthic macroalgae and crustose coralline algae observed at depths greater than 70 m off the Antarctic coast are estimated to potentially contribute between 0.9 and 2.8% of global macroalgae carbon fixation, suggest benthic surveys and primary production modelling.
Restricted rate of forest regeneration observed two years after the 2018 fires in boreal Fennoscandia coincides with higher concentrations of soil bacterial decomposers under increasing mean annual temperature, according to a survey of vegetation regrowth patterns in 49 conifers from Sweden.
The Isua Supercrustal Belt in Greenland hosts sedimentary rocks that were deposited 3.7 billion years ago in the forearc environment of an active convergent plate boundary, suggesting subduction-related plate tectonics in the Eoarchean, as indicated by geochemical data and tectonostratigraphic analyses of an 80-m drill core.
Urban industrial land expansion affects economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions to a large extent in developing regions but less in developed areas, according to an analysis combining machine learning and satellite-based data of ten countries from 2000 to 2019.
In the United States, green infrastructure may be less energy and carbon-intensive than gray infrastructure and generate substantial carbon credit revenue, accelerating water quality trading, according to an analysis of data on impaired waters, technologies, and life cycle accounting.
The rate of snow accumulation declined slightly until the early 19th century near Vostok Station in East Antarctica, but has since seen an unprecedented increase, according to a 2200 years surface mass balance reconstruction derived from three firn cores.