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A limitation for animal models is that they cannot recapitulate all aspects of complex human disease, or reliably identify potential safety and efficacy issues in humans. However, uniform cultures of human cells lack a physiological context. Tissue engineered organoids and organ-on-a chip systems aim to retain the cell diversity and three dimensional context seen in vivo; they thereby provide a promising approach to model both development and disease in vitro, and offer an alternative to animal models for pre-clinical drug testing. This Collection will focus on newly developed organoid and organ on-a-chip systems, and the application of these systems to explore both organ function and approaches for drug development.