Introduction

Cavity optomechanics1, which explores the interaction between electromagnetic waves and mechanical motion, has witnessed rapid advances in recent years, leading to a variety of applications3, such as high-bandwidth accelerometer4, quantum-limited displacement sensing6, optical self-focusing7, quantum transducer8, and most recently, achieving quantum squeezing of mechanical motion9. Another notable example, closely related to the present study, is the experimental demonstration of optomechanically-induced transparency (OMIT)10,11,12, which provides a new approach for coherent control of light with a solid device, such as delay or advance of light13,14, quantum memory15,16,17, and precision measurement of tiny objects18. The basic mechanism of OMIT is the destructive interference of two absorption channels of the signal photons (i.e. absorbed by the cavity field or the mechanical mode), thereby leading to a transparency window for the signal light in the otherwise strongly absorbed region. This is formally equivalent to that of electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) well-known in atomic physics19. Further interesting studies on the OMIT include, e.g., nonlinear OMIT20,21,22,23, two-color OMIT24, cascaded OMIT25, and reversed OMIT in parity-time resonators26.

On the other hand, with the unprecedented ability of fabricating and characterizing materials on the nanometer scale, research in exploring and harnessing the exotic quantum effect like the Casimir force (CF)27,28 has become active in recent years. The CF can become increasingly important in nano-devices as the space separation between the component surfaces is drastically decreased. The high-precision CF measurement was first performed in 1997 by Lamoreaux29, and then also by several other groups30,31,32. The CF-induced novel effects have been revealed, such as vacuum friction of motion33,34,35, non-touching bound of nano-particles36, nonlinear mechanical oscillations37, and giant vacuum force near a transmission line38. Practical applications of the CF in e.g. quantum sensing of motion was also presented39, highlighting its impacts on future quantum technologies.

In the present work, by combining these two research fields, we study the CF effect in a cavity optomechanical system. We note that in very recent works, the interplay of the external and zero-point radiation pressures was already investigated for the dynamics of a levitated nanosphere trapped in a cavity40,41. Here we focus on the OMIT process in the presence of a tunable vacuum force. We find an interesting CF-controlled optical switch effect, i.e. the optical transparency window can be completely shut down and also re-opened again by sorely tuning the strength of the Casimir force. To be more specific, the presence of the CF leads to the modifications of not only the steady-state values of the dynamical variables, but also the field fluctuations and subsequently, the optical output rate of the probe light. In particular, for a fixed sphere spatially separated from the moveable mirror, by reducing the air-gap distance, the conventional OMIT spectrum tends to be shifted to the red-detuning side (with some distortions as well). As a result, by tuning the CF, the output of the probe light at the probe-cavity resonance can be attenuated, or even totally shut down and then restarted again, for a fixed pump power. In addition, we find that even for the non-OMIT case, i.e. without any pump light, the CF-aided optical transparency can still be achieved in our proposed situation. A reversed pump-dependence was also revealed for the CF-aided OMIT, for the low-power cases, in comparison with the conventional OMIT. These results indicate the possibility of designing unconventional optical nano-devices by exploiting vacuum zero-point energy.

Results

The model of the system

We consider a cavity optomechanical system with a tunable CF. The optical cavity mode, characterized by the resonance frequency ωc and the decay rate γ, is coupled to the moveable mirror via the optomechanical coupling rate g = ωc/L (L is the cavity length); also the moveable mirror interacts with a nearby gold-coated nanosphere via the CF. For a fixed sphere-plate separation d of perfect conductors, the zero-point CF is given by42,43

where the first term is the perfect reflector formula in the proximity force approximation (PFA), the second term accounts for the leading correction to the PFA43, and c is the light speed at vacuum, R is the radius of the sphere. The condition d/R ≪ 1 is the standard condition that determines the validity of the PFA; for d/R ≪ 1, the second term is safely neglected. The thermal CF, , dominates for large separations d ≳ 3 μm, but is much smaller than for d ≳ 1 μm42. Here we focus on the latter regime . In current experiments, the CF has been accurately measured for d ~ 100 nm, still showing excellent agreement with theoretical predictions44,45. Complicated calculations of various non-ideal CF corrections have also been developed42,43, leading to e.g. an increase of about 1% in the CF due to the surface roughness, for a torsion balance experiment42; for numerical calculations of the CF with finite conductivity, confirming the validity of the plasma model for the gold, see ref. 27. We stress that in this work we focus on the vaccum-assisted steering of OMIT spectrum, instead of various non-ideal CF corrections (for these efforts, see e.g. ref. 27).

The cavity is driven by a strong control laser with the frequency ωL and a weak probe laser with the frequency ωp. The field amplitudes of these two lasers are given by, respectively,

where PL and Pin denote the powers of the pump and the probe lasers. In the frame rotating at the frequency ωL, the Hamiltonian of this CF-aided optomechanical system can be written at the simplest level as1,2,3,12

Here a and a† are the creation and annihilation operators of the cavity mode respectively, mi or ωm,i (i = 1, 2) denotes the mass or resonance frequency of the oscillator respectively, the optical detuning terms are

and pi or denotes the momentum or position operator of the mechanical oscillator respectively, with and the phonon-mode operators bi, (see Fig. 1). We first focus on the single oscillator case, and then discuss the case with coupled two oscillators.

Figure 1: Optomechanical system with a tunable Casimir force (CF).
figure 1

The Fabry-Pérot cavity contains a moveable mirror, which interacts with both the cavity field and the nearby gold-coated nanosphere via radiation pressures. The external surface of the mirror is also gold-coated. The nanosphere is either fixed or moveable (e.g. by attaching it to a cantilever).

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The fixed-sphere case

For x1 → x, x2 → 0, the Heisenberg equations of motion are

where , Γm is the mechanical decaying rate of the vibrating mirror, and we have neglected the noise terms and taken m1 → m, ωm,1 → ωm, for simplicity. The steady-state values of the dynamical variables are

For experimentally-accessible values of the system parameters46,47, i.e. ωc = 2πc/λ, λ = 1064 nm, L = 25 mm, R = 150 nm, m = 145 ng, γ = 2π × 80 KHz, Γm = 2π × 141 Hz, and ΔL = ωm = 2π × 947 KHz, we find d/R ≪ 1 (for d < 5 nm) and xs/d ≲ 10−2 (for d > 1.5 nm). Hence it is good enough to take the Casimir term up to the second order of xs/d, within our interested regime, as numerically confirmed later. Under this approximation, we have the balance equation of the moveable mirror

where the first (second) term in the left-hand side results from the restoring (Casimir) force. Clearly, the left-hand side should be positive, which is fulfilled for d > 0.7 nm, with the above parameters. Less values of d lead to a CF stronger than the restoring force, and thus adhesion of the mirror. We also find that the CF term is much weaker than the restoring force for d > 10 nm; in contrast, it becomes comparable with the latter for 0.7 nm < d ≲ 2 nm. We note that in current experiments, the CF measurements for d = 2 nm are challenging; nevertheless, even for a larger d, it is still possible to achieve the required strong CF by altering optical properties or geometric structures of the interacting materials31,38,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. For examples, for parallel graphene layers with d < 10 nm, it was found that the CF ~ d−5; with specific nonostructures, further enhancement as CF ~ d−7 can be achieved54. This indicates that the required CF, corresponding to d ~ 1 nm for ideal metals, can be achieved for larger values of d, e.g. d ~ 10 nm or even 50 nm, by proper designs of material properties. In fact, there is a huge list of materials whose electromagnetic response can be widely tuned, hence allowing for significant CF enhancement at fixed separations, e.g. optical crystals, semiconductors, topological insulators, or plasmonic nanostructures (see ref. 54 for a very recent review).

Here we show that a novel CF-controlled optical switch can be achieved in an OMIT system, even in the low-power linear regime. In order to see this, we expand each operator as the sum of its steady-state value and a small fluctuation around that value, i.e., a = as + δa, x = xs + δx. After eliminating the steady-state values, we obtain the linearized equations

By applying the ansatz10,11,12,14,26,

the linearized equations are transformed into

with an effective mechanical frequency

These equations can then be solved as

where , and is the intracavity photon number. The expectation value of the output optical field can be obtained by using the standard input-output relation, i.e. , where ain(t) and aout(t) are the input and output field operators. This leads to the optical reflection rate for the probe field, i.e. the amplitude square of the ratio of the output field amplitude to the input field amplitude at the probe field frequency,

We calculate this rate to better understand the CF-aided OMIT process under the above parameters as well as ΔL = ωm and . As Fig. 2 shows, for the conventional OMIT without any CF, at the resonance Δp = 0, the probe light is absorbed for PL = 0, while it becomes transparent by applying a pump light [see Fig. 2(a)]; in contrast, for the CF-aided OMIT, we find that by reducing d, ηp(Δp = 0) is firstly decreased until zero (at d ~ 1.8 nm) and then increased again [see Fig. 2(b,c), for a fixed value of PL = 1 mW]. This indicates a CF-controlled light switch, even shutting down and re-starting the signal [see Fig. 2(c)]. One mechanism underlying this effect is the following: the CF-induced frequency shift ωm → Ωm modifies the resonance condition as , or correspondingly, Δp = v − ωm = Ωm − ωm < 0, i.e. the OMIT spectrum tends to be shifted to the left. This effect is also reminiscent of that using the electrostatic force to tune the OMIT55 or that with an external mechanical driving25. Also Fig. 2(d) shows the result about ηp with a linearized CF, indicating that the CF-controlled light switch works well even in the linear CF regime.

Figure 2
figure 2

(a,b,d) The output rate ηp of the probe light versus the optical detuning Δp = ωp − ωc, for different values of the mirror-sphere separation d. (c) shows the dependence of ηp (at the resonance Δp = 0 on d, indicating a CF-controlled light switch. See the text for the values of other parameters.

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Interestingly, we find that even for PL = 0, the probe light can become transparent by steering the CF [at Δp = 0, see Fig. 3(a)]. In this situation, the vacuum field, instead of the pump field, serves as the control gate for the output of the probe light. For weak pump powers, the CF-aided OMIT shows an exotic feature of reversed pump dependence at Δp = 0, in comparison with the conventional OMIT [see Fig. 3(b–d)] and also ref. 56. These results show that (i) even without any pump field, the signal light can still be transparent with the aid of the virtual photons (i.e. the Casimir potential); (ii) combining the real-photon (e.g. the pump light) and the virtual-photon (i.e. the vacuum fluctuation) fields provide more flexible and efficient ways to manipulate the light propagation.

Figure 3
figure 3

(a) The CF-assisted OMIT, without any pump field; (b,c) the output rate ηp versus the detuning Δp, for weak values of PL (see also ref. 56); (d) reversed pump dependence of ηp, at the resonance Δp = 0, in the low-power CF-aided OMIT. For all the cases with the CF, we take a fixed value of d = 2 nm as a typical example. All the other parameter values are the same as in Fig. 2.

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The moveable-sphere case

For completeness, we also consider a nanosphere attached to a vibrating cantilever. We note that this configuration was recently exploited to design a Casimir parametric amplifier56. Since the linearized CF was already confirmed to be a good approximation in our system, we can expand HC in Eq. (1) up to the quadratic term of (x1 − x2)2. The linear term x1,2 and the quadratic term can be absorbed into the re-defined equilibrium positions and the mechanical frequency, respectively, and thus are unimportant; the term of interests is the inter-mode coupling

with . This kind of coupling has been achieved in various physical systems, to facilitate e.g. quantum state transfer of two spatially separated oscillators57,58,59,60.

The equations of motion of the resulting three-mode system are

from which we obtain the steady-state values of the dynamical variables

Then by following the procedure as above, we have the linearized equations of motion and their solutions. The final result about ηp is plotted in Fig. 4.

Figure 4: The output rate η of the probe light versus the optical detuning Δp, with different values of d.
figure 4

Here we take PL = 1 mW, and assume the same parameters for the two mechanical oscillators, just for simplicity. All the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2.

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For d → ∞, as Fig. 2(a) shows, we have the conventional OMIT spectrum, i.e. a single-peak transparency at Δp = 0. In contrast, for the CF-aided OMIT with two coupled mechanical oscillators, a dip emerges at Δp = 0 [for d = 4 nm, see Fig. 4(a)] and the OMIT window is then split into a double-peak structure [for d = 2 nm, see Fig. 4(b)]. Hence, by tuning the CF, the probe light can be varied from the transparency regime to the absorption regime, or vice versa. The shape of the OMIT spectrum as Fig. 4 is very similar to that in an Autler-Townes splitting (ATS) situation61,62, and the relation between these two kinds of physical processes, or even the controllable transition of them, would be an interesting problem to be explored in our future works. We also remark that the coupling as in Eq. (16) can also be realized by using e.g. coupled charged objects, with which a similar OMIT spectrum was observed55. As a comparison, our proposal here focuses on the single-oscillator case, instead of the double-oscillator case as studied in ref. 55; more importantly, it does not require any charged or magnetic object. The Casimir force comes from the vacuum itself and plays a crucial role in chip-scale nano-devices with decreasing vacuum distances between different elements28,39,45.

Methods

Derivation of the optical output rate for the moveable sphere

Taking the expectation of each operator given in Eqs.(17)-(19), we find the linearized Heisenbrg equations as

by applying the following ansatz,

equations (21)–(23), can be transformed into the following form,

Solving these algebraic equations leads to

where we have used and

the expectation value 〈aout(t)〉 of the output field aout(t) can be calculated using the standard input-output relation , where ain(t) and aout(t) are the input and output field operators, and

Hence, the output rate of the probe field can be written as , where t(ωp) is the ratio of the output field amplitude to the input field amplitude at the probe frequency.

Conclusion

In summary, we have demonstrated the effects of the vacuum force on the OMIT, indicating the possibility of controlling light with the vacuum. We note that the measurements of the CF for a very short distance are still missing in current experiment; however, even for a constant distance, it is still possible to significantly enhance the CF by, e.g. calibrating an unconventional surface structure38 or engineering optical properties of novel materials49,50,51,52,53,54,63. With rapid advances of nano-calibration techniques and very active efforts on controlling or enhancing the CFs, our proposal holds the promise to be realized, at least in principle. In comparison with a recent work on tuning the OMIT with a voltage-controlled electrostatic force18, our proposal here does not need any charged or magnetic object, since the CF comes from the vacuum itself, which can be of increasingly important in chip-scale nano-devices with decreasing vacuum spaces between the elements. We also note that recently in an optomechanical system, a new kind of motion-induced few percentage correction to the CF was revealed64,65, indicating that more interesting works could be performed by combining optomechanics and the CF. In the future, we plan to also study the CF-controlled slow light, the cascaded OMIT with coupled Casimir oscillators25,45, and the CF-mediated quantum mechanical squeezing.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Liu, X.-F. et al. Casimir switch: steering optical transparency with vacuum forces. Sci. Rep. 6, 27102; doi: 10.1038/srep27102 (2016).