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Waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Nature Reviews Methods Primers volume 4, Article number: 5 (2024) Cite this article

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Abstract

Waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) exploits the electromagnetic enhancement that can be achieved at the surface of suitably designed waveguides to enhance the intensity of the Raman spectra of molecules close to the waveguide surface. This Primer describes practical aspects of WERS implementation including the choice of laser, choice of waveguide material, design and fabrication of the waveguides, coupling of light into and collection of light from the waveguide, and choice of spectrometer and filters. The methods for data collection and quantitative analysis of waveguide-enhanced Raman spectra are also described, together with the applications of WERS to problems in chemistry, materials science and bioscience. Issues of spectral reproducibility and key optimization factors are discussed together with a summary of technical limitations, current challenges and perspectives for future research. In many cases the material presented is supported by further, more detailed, discussion in the accompanying Supplementary Information.

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Fig. 1: Main blocks of a typical waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy apparatus exhibiting the key design and parameter considerations for each.
Fig. 2: Simulated fundamental modal intensity distribution of waveguide modes.
Fig. 3: Transmission windows for typical waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy waveguide materials.
Fig. 4: Data processing steps for benzyl alcohol on a 100 nm-thick Ta2O5 on SiO2 waveguide excited at 785 nm in the transverse-electric polarization.
Fig. 5: Surface |E|2, Raman collection efficiency and waveguide scattering loss versus Raman (Stokes) shift.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/R011230/1). J.S.W. also acknowledges support from the UK EPSRC (EP/S03109X/1 and EP/V047663/1 (MISSION)) and from the European Research Council (ERC) (WIPFAB 291216).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Mohamed A. Ettabib, Zhen Liu, Michalis N. Zervas & James S. Wilkinson

  2. School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Philip N. Bartlett

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Introduction (P.N.B.); Experimentation (M.A.E. and J.S.W.); Results (J.S.W., Z.L., M.A.E. and M.N.Z.); Applications (P.N.B. and M.N.Z.); Reproducibility and data deposition (J.S.W.); Limitations and optimizations (J.S.W. and M.N.Z.); Outlook (J.S.W. and P.N.B.); Overview of the Primer (J.S.W. and P.N.B.).

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Ettabib, M.A., Liu, Z., Zervas, M.N. et al. Waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Rev Methods Primers 4, 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-023-00281-4

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