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Reversible H2 oxidation and evolution by hydrogenase embedded in a redox polymer film

Nature Catalysis volume 4, pages 251–258 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Efficient electrocatalytic energy conversion requires devices to function reversibly, that is, to deliver a substantial current at a minimal overpotential. Redox-active films can effectively embed and stabilize molecular electrocatalysts, but mediated electron transfer through the film typically makes the catalytic response irreversible. Here we describe a redox-active film for bidirectional (oxidation or reduction) and reversible hydrogen conversion, which consists of [FeFe] hydrogenase embedded in a low-potential, 2,2′-viologen-modified hydrogel. When this catalytic film served as the anode material in a H2/O2 biofuel cell, an open circuit voltage of 1.16 V was obtained—a benchmark value near the thermodynamic limit. The same film also acted as a highly energy efficient cathode material for H2 evolution. We explained the catalytic properties using a kinetic model, which shows that reversibility can be achieved even though intermolecular electron transfer is slower than catalysis. This understanding of reversibility simplifies the design principles of highly efficient and stable bioelectrocatalytic films, advancing their implementation in energy conversion.

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Fig. 1: Redox-active polymers for reversible hydrogenase catalysis.
Fig. 2: Direct and mediated electrochemical responses of the hydrogenase.
Fig. 3: Modelling of the mediated catalytic CVs.
Fig. 4: Reversible hydrogenase electrode for a H2/O2 biofuel cell and electrolyser.

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Data availability

Source data are provided with this paper and are also available from Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4421107. Source data for the crystal structure of V2 in Supplementary Fig. 5 have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, under CCDC deposition number 2046659.

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Acknowledgements

C.L. and V.F. are supported by CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE05–0020), and the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University-A*MIDEX, a French ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ programme (ANR-11-IDEX-0001–02). N.P., S.H. and S.S. acknowledge financial support from the ERC starting grant 715900, the ANR-DFG project SHIELDS (PL 746/2–1) and RESOLV, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy (EXC-2033—Projektnummer 390677874). J.A.B. and O.R. are supported by the Max Planck Society and J.A.B. acknowledges funding from the DFG Priority Programme ‘Iron–Sulfur for Life: Cooperative Function of Iron–Sulfur Centers in Assembly, Biosynthesis, Catalysis and Disease’ (SPP 1927) Project BI 2198/1–1. We thank A. Ruff and L. Castaneda-Losada for useful discussions regarding the polymer synthesis, N. Breuer for the preparation of the hydrogenase, B. Mallick for performing the crystal structure measurements, M. Sander and O. Trost for optimizing the fuel cells, A. Czepull for optimizing the film stability, H. Li for help with the CV experiments and T. Stalder for solving the crystal structure. The French authors are part of the French BIC network.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Steffen Hardt, Stefanie Stapf, Dawit T. Filmon & Nicolas Plumeré

  2. Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University Munich, Straubing, Germany

    Dawit T. Filmon & Nicolas Plumeré

  3. Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany

    James A. Birrell & Olaf Rüdiger

  4. CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologie, Marseille, France

    Vincent Fourmond & Christophe Léger

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Contributions

N.P., C.L., V.F., J.A.B. and O.R. conceived the research. S.H. and S.S. developed and carried out the synthesis of the polymers, and performed all the electrochemical experiments that involved the polymer. D.T.F. developed and carried out the synthesis of the dendrimer, and performed all the electrochemical experiments that involved the dendrimer. S.H. contributed with the fuel cell and electrolyser experiments. O.R. contributed with the DET experiments. V.F. performed the electrochemical modelling and data analysis. J.A.B. contributed the hydrogenase. All the authors contributed to writing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Christophe Léger or Nicolas Plumeré.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Methods, Notes 1 and 2, and Figs. 1–55.

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Supplementary Data 1

Crystal structure of compound V2.

Source data

Source Data Fig. 2

Experimental and statistical source data.

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Experimental, statistical and calculated source data.

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Experimental and statistical source data.

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Hardt, S., Stapf, S., Filmon, D.T. et al. Reversible H2 oxidation and evolution by hydrogenase embedded in a redox polymer film. Nat Catal 4, 251–258 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00586-1

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