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In-memory computing with resistive switching devices

Nature Electronics volume 1, pages 333–343 (2018)Cite this article

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Abstract

Modern computers are based on the von Neumann architecture in which computation and storage are physically separated: data are fetched from the memory unit, shuttled to the processing unit (where computation takes place) and then shuttled back to the memory unit to be stored. The rate at which data can be transferred between the processing unit and the memory unit represents a fundamental limitation of modern computers, known as the memory wall. In-memory computing is an approach that attempts to address this issue by designing systems that compute within the memory, thus eliminating the energy-intensive and time-consuming data movement that plagues current designs. Here we review the development of in-memory computing using resistive switching devices, where the two-terminal structure of the devices, their resistive switching properties, and direct data processing in the memory can enable area- and energy-efficient computation. We examine the different digital, analogue, and stochastic computing schemes that have been proposed, and explore the microscopic physical mechanisms involved. Finally, we discuss the challenges in-memory computing faces, including the required scaling characteristics, in delivering next-generation computing.

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Fig. 1: Computational memory devices.
Fig. 2: RRAM-based digital logic gates.
Fig. 3: Analogue computing in a PCM device.

panels a, c and d adapted from ref. 62, Macmillan Publishers Ltd.

Fig. 4: Stochastic computing with resistive switching devices.

panels a and e adapted from refs 81 and 83, respectively, IEEE

Fig. 5: Analogue computing in crosspoint arrays.
Fig. 6: Crosspoint memory architecture and scaling.

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Acknowledgements

D.I. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 648635). H.-S.P.W. is supported in part by DARPA, the National Science Foundation (E2CDA, Expeditions in Computing), in addition to member companies of: Stanford Non-Volatile Memory Technology Research Initiative (NMTRI) and Stanford SystemX Alliance.

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  1. Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano and IU.NET, Milan, Italy

    Daniele Ielmini

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering and Stanford SystemX Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    H.-S. Philip Wong

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  1. Daniele Ielmini
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D.I. and H.-S.P.W. conceived the project, carried out the discussions and wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Daniele Ielmini or H.-S. Philip Wong.

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Ielmini, D., Wong, HS.P. In-memory computing with resistive switching devices. Nat Electron 1, 333–343 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0092-2

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