Introduction

Degenerative cervical myelopathy includes several age-related degenerative pathologies affecting the cervical spinal column. Compression of the spinal cord causes myelopathies that lead to motor and sensory dysfunction in the upper and lower limbs, such as osteoarthritic degeneration (e.g., cervical spondylosis) and ligamentous abnormalities (posterior longitudinal ligament or ligamentum flavum ossification)1,2,3,4. The spectrum of cervical disorders caused by DCM typically cause progressive and often irreversible deterioration and loss of function in the cervical spinal cord1,2,3,4. Patients clinically assessed to have DCM report various symptoms such as neck pain, range of motion impairment of the limbs, clumsy hands and numbness, loss of manual dexterity, paresthesia, gait disorder, and bladder and bowel disturbances5,6,7, indicating multiple etiologies of DCM pathology. Many kinds of neurological, physical, and electrophysiological examinations have been conducted to evaluate the severity of neurological deficits and surgical indications8,9,10,11,12,13. Therefore, to diagnose DCM precisely, we need to comprehensively understand the clinical history and multiple test results, such as physical and electrophysiological testing and imaging findings from kinematics X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography14,15. However, morphological imaging techniques are currently not considered suitable methods for DCM diagnosis because abnormalities reflected on these modalities do not reflect neurological function and neurological deficits in patients with DCM16,17,18. In addition to those conventional methods, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which can evaluate the condition of the white matter in the central nervous system, has been recently regarded as a promising assessment tool for the severity of fiber damage and neurological function in DCM19,20,21. The other article reported that artificial intelligence (AI) methods are feasible and effective for DTI analysis for the prognosis of DCM22. However, tractography, including DTI, is not considered a standard approach due to its limitations, variability of obtained data, and lack of standardization of image acquisition parameters, as present20,21,23. Analysis of DTI features is also complicated and time consuming. Moreover, it has pitfalls that limit the anatomical accuracy of this technique23.

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is a new neuroimaging paradigm that has attracted attention in basic and clinical medicine to resolve these issues mentioned above. Rs-fMRI can measure spontaneous regional brain activity based on the blood oxygen level-dependent effect, and this paradigm may potentially provide a biomarker reflecting functional disability or specific neurological, sensory, and motor dysfunction24,25,26,27,28. Recently, multiple independent rs-fMRI studies reported alterations in spontaneous brain activity in patients with DCM29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42. Furthermore, several studies attempted to predict postoperative recovery by using preoperative indices of brain activity in patients with DCM. These studies focused on the sensorimotor areas, subcortical regions, limbic system, and the visual cortex33,34,37,40 and showed that spontaneous brain activity in these brain regions was related to the pathology of DCM30,31,32, thus suggesting that rs-fMRI can potentially reveal the pathophysiological mechanism of DCM.

Electrophysiological examinations are the most objective and quantitative assessments available to examine neurological function in patients with DCM43,44,45,46,47,48,49. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) and sensory evoked potentials (SEP) have been established as indices of motor and sensory function, respectively, in the clinical diagnosis of DCM. In addition, these indices are useful to examine the severity of DCM and any neurological deficit43,44,45,46,47,48,49. Abnormal CMCT and SEP are reportedly related to the presence of spinal cord compression in patients with DCM12,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50. Previous CMCT studies showed this index to be an objective and sensitive measure for the assessment of central motor pathway condition12,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50. Disruption of fast monosynaptic neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract during the early stage of cord compression can prolong CMCT. Therefore, CMCT can be used to determine the presence of myelopathy with high sensitivity43. SEP can detect sensory tract damage with high sensitivity51,52. Thus, it is widely used as an intraoperative neuromonitoring tool for spinal surgery to check whether surgical procedures have injured the sensory tract53. However, these electrophysiological tests take about an hour for one session and are invasive. Furthermore, facilities capable of conducting such specialized tests are extremely limited, often available only in specific university hospitals13,43,44,45,46,47. In contrast, rs-fMRI is quickly and easily performed without discomfort for DCM patients. Moreover, it can be conducted anywhere with access to an MRI scanner. Therefore, rs-fMRI appears a promising alternative for these electrophysiological tests.

In this study, we used these electrophysiological indices as objective and quantitative measures of neurological dysfunction and neurophysiological status in patients with DCM, and we comprehensively investigated the relationship between CMCT/SEP and the following measures of spontaneous brain activity, i.e., the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and functional connectivity (FC), in patients with DCM. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation of FC with CMCT and SEP, suggesting that rs-fMRI measures could provide a quantitative biomarker reflecting the severity of motor and sensory dysfunction in patients with DCM.

Results

The demographic and clinical information

Thirty-four patients with DCM and 21 HCs participated in this study (Table 3). There was no significant age difference between patients with DCM and HCs (p = 0.995). In addition, there was no significant sex difference between patients with DCM and HCs (p = 0.94). The mean total JOA score in DCM patients was 11.0 ± 2.4. The medications taken by each patient ware also shown in Table 3.

We did not perform the CMCT measurement in patients who had a cardiac pacemaker or intracardiac lines or metal in body because of the contraindication13,43,44,45,46,47. As a result, we measured CMCT from 33 patients with DCM (Table 3). We could not examine SEP amplitudes for 14 patients because SEP could not be measured in patients with very severe paralysis. Therefore, we measured SEP amplitude to 20 patients with DCM (Table 3).

Data quality

Rs-fMRI scans were performed on all patients with DCM. The number of excluded fMRI volumes in the scrubbing procedure between the patients with DCM and the HC was not significantly different (DCM, 4.52 ± 6.51; HC, 3.71 ± 5.25; p = 0.613). Body movements in each direction (x, y, z, pitch, roll, yaw) were also not significantly different between the patients with DCM and HC during rs-fMRI scanning (DCM: x = 0.0329 ± 0.0378, y = 0.0886 ± 0.0459, z = 0.0913 ± 0.0636, pitch = 0.00126 ± 0.0007, roll = 0.000625 ± 0.000707, yaw = 0.0005 ± 0.000466; HC: x = 0.0189 ± 0.0096, y = 0.0666 ± 0.0338, z = 0.0634 ± 0.0368, pitch = 0.00109 ± 0.00082, roll = 0.000534 ± 0.000202, yaw = 0.000354 ± 0.000142; all p-values > 0.0627).

Comparison of the fALFF between patients with DCM and the healthy control group

We compared fALFF in the < 0.1 Hz low-frequency band to that in a full-frequency band of fMRI signals between patients with DCM and healthy controls (HC). This measure reflects the magnitude of spontaneous regional brain activity12,50. The patients with DCM showed significant increase in fALFF in the occipital pole and in the lateral occipital cortex superior division compared with those in the HC (Table 1). Furthermore, patients with DCM showed a significant decrease in fALFF in the cerebellar hemisphere, left superior parietal lobule, right frontal pole, right central opercular cortex, left thalamus, and the right inferior temporal gyrus posterior division (Table 1). However, we found no significant correlations between fALFF values and CMCT (all clusters were smaller than 38 voxels corresponding to that all p-values > 0.684) or SEP amplitude (all clusters were smaller than 70 voxels corresponding to that all p-values > 0.090). We showed the result of the correlation analysis between fALFF values and CMCT or SEP amplitude in Supplemental Table S1.

Table 1 Differences in fALFF between patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy and healthy control.
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Correlation between FC strength and CMCT in patients with DCM

In addition to fALFF, we investigated correlations between FC strength and the electrophysiological indices. We found that FC strength between the right primary motor cortex and the right precuneus correlated significantly and positively with CMCT (r = 0.793, Fig. 1, Table 2). However, the strength of this FC was not significantly different between the patients with DCM and the HC (p = 0.5207).

Figure 1
figure 1

Correlation between left central motor conduction time (CMCT) and functional connectivity (FC) strength of the right primary motor cortex. (a) A cluster showing a significant positive correlation between left CMCT and FC strength of the right primary motor cortex, b) scatter plot of left CMCT versus FC strength, and c) comparison of FC strengths between patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and healthy controls (HC). The dashed line in panel b is the regression line. Error bars in panel c represent standard deviations.

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Table 2 Correlation between FC strength and electrophysiological index in patients with DCM.
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Correlation between FC strength and SEP amplitude in patients with DCM

As with CMCT, FC strength between the left thalamus and the left precentral gyrus also correlated significantly and positively with right SEP amplitude (r = 0.826, Fig. 2, Table 2). However, the two groups had no significant difference in this FC strength (p = 0.9921). FC strength between the sensorimotor lateral and cingulate gyrus anterior division also correlated with left SEP amplitude (r = 0.824, Fig. 3, Table 2). Moreover, the difference in strength of this FC was significant between the patients with DCM and the HC (p = 0.03865). In contrast, although FC strength between the sensorimotor lateral and the lateral occipital cortex correlated with left SEP amplitude (r = 0.817, Fig. 4, Table 2), the difference in this FC strength was not significant between the two groups (p = 0.0759).

Figure 2
figure 2

Correlation between right somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) amplitude and functional connectivity (FC) strength of the left thalamus. (a) A cluster showing a significant positive correlation between right SEP and FC strength of the left thalamus, (b) scatter plot of right SEP versus FC strength, and (c) comparison of FC strengths between patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and healthy controls (HC). The dashed line in panel (b) is the regression line. Error bars in panel (c) represent standard deviations.

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Figure 3
figure 3

Correlation between left somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) amplitude and functional connectivity (FC) strength of the right lateral part of the sensorimotor network. (a) A cluster showing a significant positive correlation between left SEP and FC strength of the right lateral part of the sensorimotor network, (b) scatter plot of left SEP versus FC strength, and (c) comparison of FC strengths between patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and healthy controls (HC). The dashed line in panel (b) is the regression line. Error bars in panel c represent standard deviations.

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Figure 4
figure 4

Correlation between left somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) amplitude and functional connectivity (FC) strength of the right lateral part of the sensorimotor network. (a) A cluster showing a significant negative correlation between left SEP and FC strength of the right lateral part of the sensorimotor network, (b) scatter plot of left SEP versus FC strength, and c) comparison of FC strengths between patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and healthy controls (HC). The dashed line in panel (b) is the regression line. Error bars in panel (c) represent standard deviations.

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Discussion

In the present study, we attempted to apply rs-fMRI to explore predictive measures for evaluating the severity of DCM. Previous rs-fMRI studies have reported several correlations between brain activity indices, such as FC, ALFF, and regional homogeneity, and clinical scores/scales or neurological symptoms31,35,37. To our best knowledge, however, this is the first rs-fMRI study to show a correlation between the electrophysiological indices and FC strength in patients with DCM.

This study showed a significant increase in fALFF in the occipital pole and lateral occipital cortex superior division in the patients with DCM. A previous study also noted that patients with DCM showed an increase in fALFF in the occipital cortex33. Interactions between visual and proprioceptive information have an important role in motor programming56,57. Proprioception is impaired in patients with DCM58, and severe DCM leads to severe movement disorders. Therefore, this increase in fALFF in the occipital cortex suggests that the visual system compensates for the lack of proprioceptive information. We also found a significant decrease in fALFF in the cerebellar hemisphere, superior parietal lobule, frontal pole, right central opercular cortex, thalamus, and the inferior temporal gyrus posterior division. These brain areas are thought to taken part in sensory information processing and/or cognitive function. A previous study revealed that patients with DCM have sensory and cognitive deficits42, therefore we think that the decrease in fALFF in these areas reflects such functional deficits in patients with DCM.

CMCT is an objective measure representing the condition of the central motor pathway. In the present study, FC strength between the primary motor cortex and the precuneus correlated positively with CMCT (Fig. 1). The role of the primary motor cortex in the execution of movements is crucial59. In addition, the precuneus, a part of the default mode network, is related to performing a variety of highly integrated cognitive tasks involving visuo-spatial imagery, retrieval of episodic memory, and self-processing operations60,61. As patients with severe DCM have severe movement disorders, it can be assumed that patients with severe DCM need to functionally compensate for impaired motor functions to maintain their motor ability33,62. The role of the precuneus in integrating sensorimotor and other endo/exogenous information is also crucial63. That is, the large-scale brain network may interact with the primary motor cortex via the precuneus, and this interaction may be involved in the cognitive compensation for motor dysfunction. Klöppel et al. reported that the interaction between executive and cognitive motor areas, i.e., the supplementary motor area and superior parietal lobule, respectively, was involved in compensation for motor deficits of patients with pre-symptomatic Huntington’s disease64. In addition, another previous study revealed that sensorimotor network-default mode network interactions were involved in the compensatory function of motor performances in the stroke rehabilitation process65. Considering these findings, brain regions involved in cognitive functions may assist processing in motor areas and compensation for motor deficits. Therefore, the increased FC strength between the primary motor cortex and the precuneus in patients with DCM may reflect cognitive compensation of motor dysfunction in these patients.

SEP amplitude is an objective measure for the assessment of the condition of the sensory tracts or sensory loss. FC strength between the thalamus and the precentral gyrus anterior division correlated with SEP amplitude in this study (Fig. 2). A previous study showed that a postoperative DCM group manifested decreased FC between the right thalamus and the bilateral primary motor cortex66. The primary motor cortex is crucially involved in executing voluntary movements. In addition, the thalamus works as relay hub that directs information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex, especially in the sensory area. Both are parts of the sensorimotor network, which processes bodily sensations and sends signals to the motor cortex to execute appropriate motor responses. We think that the positive correlation between FC strength and SEP amplitude reflects functional compensation for the sensory and motor disability in patients with DCM67.

A correlation of FC strength between the sensorimotor lateral and the cingulate gyrus anterior division with right SEP amplitude was also found. Moreover, this was the only FC to show a significant group difference (Fig. 3). The anterior cingulate cortex is the central part of the salience network, which is thought to be associated with allocating attentional resources to a salient stimulus such as pain68. It is also well known that acute pain activates the salience network and the sensorimotor system69. In patients with DCM, the more severe the spinal cord injury, the more impaired is signal transmission from the body to the brain. As a result, severe sensory deficits may decrease FC strength between the sensorimotor and anterior cingulate cortex, thus causing dysfunction of sensory information integration in the sensorimotor network and the salience network in these patients70. Moreover, the significant difference in this FC strength between the patients with DCM and the HC further supports the notion that alteration of this FC is related to sensory deficits in these patients.

We also showed that FC strength between the sensorimotor lateral and lateral occipital cortex correlated with SEP amplitude (Fig. 4). Sensory deficits occur in not only exteroception but also in deep sensation58,71. Impairment of deep sensation probably causes visual dependence on motor control. Therefore, our finding reflects the visual information-dependent compensatory mechanisms for sensorimotor deficits of the upper limbs in patients with DCM72,73.

Although we observed significant correlations between several FC strengths and CMCT or SEP amplitude in DCM patients, we did not find significant differences between the DCM and HC among them except for one (FC between sensorimotor lateral and cingulate gyrus anterior division). The interpretation of the results is difficult because the relationship between the electrophysiological indices and FC strengths has never been investigated in humans or animals.

We speculate there are two reasons for the lack of difference in FC strengths between the DCM and HC. One reason is the physical status during rs-fMRI scans, and the other is that tract damage indirectly affects FC strengths. DCM patients felt little neurological deficit during rs-fMRI scans because they did not perform active movements of the upper and lower limbs. Therefore, spontaneous brain activities, particularly FC, of patients with DCM may have not differed from those of HCs. The other reason is that damage of the pyramidal tract (reflected by CMCT) and the posterior funiculus (reflected by SEP) indirectly affect FC strengths in patients with DCM we revealed the significant correlations in this study. The changes in FC strengths in patients with DCM are thought to reflect the compensatory mechanisms for maintenance of motor and sensory functions depending on visual information and cognitive functions. Therefore, changes in FC strengths in patients with DCM may be too small to show significant differences to HCs, even though they show significant correlations to physiological measures. Further studies for not only humans but also animals are necessary in order to test these speculations.

Limitations

Several patients with DCM had been administered analgesia. Previous studies revealed that analgesic agents acting on the central nervous system affect resting brain activity74,75. Therefore, analgesics may have influenced the present study results. Information on the analgesics administered in each patient is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Characteristics of the patients.
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Although SEP amplitude is a continuous variable, the SEP amplitudes were zero in 14 cases due to severe sensory dysfunction. Therefore, the “floor effect” may have affected the results of the correlation analysis. Intraoperative SEP examination was conducted under anesthesia. From the viewpoint of how alterations of SEPs in patients with DCM affect their brain activities, this is also the limitation in this study because the conditions of patients differ between the rs-fMRI scans and SEP measurements. However, in clinical, SEPs measured under anesthesia are widely used. Moreover, as mentioned above, SEP examination places a burden on patients. Considering them, rs-MRI without such a burden is the reasonable method to develop alternative SEP measures which detect sensory tract damage, and we believe that it is reasonable to compare rs-fMRI measures in awake rest and SEPs under anesthesia.

In this study we only revealed correlations between FC strength and preoperative electrophysiological measures. As is widely known, correlation does not imply causation. Moreover, we did not validate the accuracy of FC as a predictive measure of the severity of DCM. Therefore, it will be necessary to evaluate the capability of FC to assess DCM with larger samples in future studies.

Conclusion

We showed significant correlations between FC strengths among certain brain regions and the preoperative and intraoperative neurophysiological indices of CMCT and SEP amplitude in patients with DCM. Our findings indicate the feasibility of rs-fMRI and FC analysis to provide novel predictive measures for assessment of the neurological severity of DCM.

Materials and methods

Participants

We recruited 34 patients with DCM (11 females, mean age: 65.6 years, range: 33–85 years) at our institution from May 2020 to June 2021. Inclusion criteria were that they (1) agreed to participate in this study; (2) had a medical indication for cervical decompression surgery; and (3) had symptoms caused by DCM6,7. Exclusion criteria were that they (1) refused to enroll; (2) had traumatic spinal cord compression; and (3) had a history of brain diseases such as cerebrovascular disease or tumors. We also recruited 21 age- and sex-matched HC, (7 females, mean age: 65.6 years, range: 33–83 years). The characteristics of the patients with DCM are shown in Table 3. We used the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score to assess DCM severity. The JOA score consists of six domains: motor function of upper extremity/lower extremity, sensory deficit of upper extremity/lower extremity/trunk, and bladder dysfunction76.

The Ethical Review Board of Yamaguchi University Hospital approved all protocols for this study (approval no.: H30-207-2), which was performed in accordance with approved guidelines and in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent before undergoing any study procedure.

Electrophysiological assessment

We conducted an electrophysiological examination to assess objective neurological function and deficit in each patient with DCM. We measured preoperative CMCT in the upper and lower limbs and intraoperative posterior tibial nerve SEP.

Measurement of CMCT

We examined the CMCT in all of the patients with DCM. We placed self-adhesive surface recording electrodes on the target muscles according to the belly-tendon method. The motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded on the left side during voluntary contraction from the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and abductor hallucis (AH) muscles72. We delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation through a round coil of 14-cm outer diameter (Magstim Co. Ltd., Spring Gardens, Whitland, UK) positioned flat on the scalp and centered over the Cz in the International 10–20 system at an intensity set at 20% above the MEP threshold during voluntary contraction.

We first recorded the electromyogram (EMG) during maximum voluntary contraction. Then, the patients with DCM were told about the amplitude of their raw EMG signal, and they worked to maintain a level 10–20% of that recorded during the maximum voluntary contraction. With this procedure, we confirmed that patients could maintain 10–20% of the maximal force of contraction during the MEPs measurements. A supramaximal electric stimulation was delivered to the ulnar nerve at the wrist and the tibial nerve at the ankle during which compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and F waves were recorded. Reference ground plates were located on the forearm or lower limb. We examined 16 serial responses and measured the shortest latency of the F waves. CMCT was calculated as MEPs latency − (CMAPs latency + F wave latency − 1)/2 (ms). All CMCT measurements were made with a Nicolet Viking 4 instrument (Natus Medical Incorporated, San Carlos, CA, USA). CMCT-ADM and CMCT-AH were measured in all patients39,78.

Measurement of SEP

We examined intraoperative posterior tibial nerve (PTN) SEP in 20 patients with DCM. For intraoperative neuromonitoring, patients were placed under total intravenous anesthesia maintained with propofol 2.5–3.5 mg/mL delivered via a target-controlled infusion technique and remifentanil 0.1–0.3 mg/kg/min. Rocuronium 0.6–0.9 mg/kg (muscle relaxant) was administered only at the induction of anesthesia. The bispectral index score (BIS) derived from a frontal electroencephalogram (Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA, USA) was used to monitor anesthetic depth. An anesthetic depth associated with 40 < BIS < 60 was maintained by adjusting the rate of propofol infusion.

Stimulation needs to be delivered to the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle. Surface electrodes were placed on the skin over the nerve where it passes posterior to the medial malleolus. The cathode was applied midway between the medial border of the Achilles tendon and posterior border of the malleolus, whereas the anode electrode was applied away from the nerve 3 cm distal to the cathode. The electrical pulse delivered should have sufficient intensity to cause plantar flexion of the toes of 1–2 cm. The stimulator was set at intensity 30–40 mA, stimulus rate 4.7 Hz, and duration 0.5 ms according to the Guidelines of the International Federation of Clinical Physiology79. We used the same stimulation system with all patients. PTN-SEPs were recorded in a 60–80-ms time window following the stimulation. The electrode for scalp recording was placed at site Cz of the international 10–20 system, and the reference electrode was located at the Fz site on the forehead, and electrical impedances at these sites were < 5000 Ω. SEP amplitude was defined as the peak-to-peak amplitude of N1 and P1 (I-PTN). The amplifier settings for I-PTN-SEP recording included 20–3000-Hz bandpass filtering and 60-Hz notch filtering, with 200 trials averaged44. All SEP tests were performed with a Neuromaster MEE-1200 (Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). Senior electrophysiologists with 10 years of experience in evoked potentials study analyzed the recordings for presence of the main peaks P1-N1.

MRI data acquisition

MRI scanning was by a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner (Siemens Magnetom Prisma, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). During scanning, participants were instructed to simply rest with their eyes open, stare at one point, not to think of anything, and try not to fall asleep. We also confirmed whether the participants had not fallen asleep during the resting scan by direct questioning. To acquire the functional images, a 10-min scan was performed using a gradient-echo echo-planar pulse sequence with the following parameters: repetition time = 2500 ms, echo time = 30 ms, slice thickness = 3.2 mm, field of view = 212 × 212 mm, number of slices = 40, acquisition order = ascending, matrix size = 64 × 64, flip angle = 80°, and number of volumes = 245. Three-dimensional T1-weighted anatomical images were additionally acquired using magnetization-prepared acquisition with gradient echo sequence (MPRAGE; repetition time = 1800 ms, echo time = 2.88 ms, slice thickness = 1 mm, field of view = 256 × 256 mm, number of slices = 176, matrix size = 256 × 256, and flip angle = 10°).

Data quality assessment

To check data quality, we confirmed no differences in the number of excluded fMRI volumes and size of body movements in each direction (x, y, z, pitch, roll, yaw) between the two groups by using two-sample t-tests. The thresholds were set at p < 0.05 for these tests.

rs-MRI data analysis

Preprocessing

Data pre-processing was done using the CONN-fMRI toolbox (version 20b)80 for Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 12 (revision number 7771, http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London, London, UK)76 implemented in MATLAB 2022a (Math Works, Natick, MA, USA).

The first five volumes of each participant’s fMRI data were discarded, and then the following steps were performed: slice timing correction, realignment, normalization to the Montreal Neurological Institute stereotactic template with resolution of 2 × 2 × 2-mm cubic voxels and smoothing with 8-mm full-width at half-maximum Gaussian kernel.

In addition to image processing, to remove non-neural artifacts, components associated with fMRI signals in white matter/cerebrospinal fluid were extracted with the component-based noise correction procedure82, after which six motion parameters were regressed from the data. Subsequently, scrubbing of high-motion timepoints was also performed, and finally, a 0.008–0.09-Hz bandpass filter was applied83,84.

fALFF analysis

For each participant, we calculated the fALFF value54 in each voxel of preprocessed rs-fMRI data using the CONN-fMRI toolbox and SPM12. ALFF value is a measure of BOLD signal power within the low frequency band (typically 0.01–0.1 Hz), and is defined as the root mean square of the BOLD signal at each voxel after temporal filtering55. fALFF value is a relative measure of BOLD signal power within the low frequency band compared to the entire frequency spectrum, and is defined as the ratio of root mean square of the BOLD signal at each voxel after vs. before temporal filtering54. Although these indices have been developed to characterize regional spontaneous brain activity, fALFF has been proven to be more gray matter-specific and sensitive to BOLD signal14.

FC analysis

We conducted seed-to-voxel correlation analyses with the CONN-fMRI toolbox and SPM12 to evaluate FC in the patients with DCM and HC. This analysis computed functional connectivity between a seed and remaining voxel as the Fisher-transformed bivariate correlation coefficients between a seed BOLD signal and each voxel BOLD signal.

We used the brain region related to the spinothalamic and pyramidal tracts, i.e., the thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex, and primary motor cortex, as seeds85,86,87,88,89. The seed templates came from the CONN toolbox.

Statistics

We performed a two-sample t-test to compare fALFF values between CM and HC and a multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between fALFF values and electrophysiological measures. In multiple regression analysis, covariates of interest were right CMCT, left CMCT, right SEP amplitude, and left SEP amplitude. Moreover, age, disease duration, and JOA score was put into the model as covariates of uninterest. For these statistical tests, the thresholds were set at p < 0.001 (uncorrected, peak-level) and p < 0.05 (false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected, cluster-level). Furthermore, multiple comparison correction (Bonferroni correction) was applied to the cluster level threshold in the correlation analyses (p < 0.0125).

To investigate the relationship between FC strengths and electrophysiological measures, we performed multiple regression analysis. As in the multiple regression analysis for fALFF values, we put right CMCT, left CMCT, right SEP amplitude, or left SEP amplitude into the regression model as covariates of interest, and put age, disease duration, and JOA score into the model as covariates of uninterest. In particular, for FC of the left or right primary motor cortex, contralateral CMCT was a covariate of interest. For FC of the left or right primary somatosensory cortex or thalamus, contralateral SEP amplitude was a covariate of interest.

The thresholds were set at p < 0.001 (uncorrected, peak-level) and p < 0.05 (FDR-corrected, cluster-level). Multiple comparison correction (Bonferroni correction) was further applied to cluster-level threshold values (p < 0.00625). Moreover, for FC showing a significant correlation in the correlation analysis, we compared its strength between patients with DCM and HC using a two-sample t-test. The thresholds were set at p < 0.05 for these tests.

We created bar graphs and scatter plots with Microsoft Excel version 16.73 and used its functions to add error bars to the bar graphs and regression lines to the scatter plots and to calculate the coefficients of determination (R2). Analysis of all data was performed with StatFlex Ver. 7 for Windows (Artec, Osaka, Japan; https://www.statflex.net/).