Abstract
The silver nanoparticle was synthesized by developing poly (1-vinylimidazole) on the surface of magnetized biochar (the stem and roots of Spear Thistle) (biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag). This nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SEM and TEM images of the nanocatalyst, biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag-NPs, confirmed the observation of microscopic sheets of biochar. The catalytic activity of these Ag NPs was tested via multicomponent reaction plus reusing to successful formation of 2-amino-4H-pyran and functionalized spirochromen derivatives. The prepared nanocatalyst was easily separated by an external magnet and reused in repeating coupling reaction cycles four times without remarkable activity loss. The catalyst showed great efficiency and reusability, thus making it an ideal candidate for catalytic purposes in several organic transformations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Introduction
Biochar can be used as a promising material to replace expensive carbon materials as support for reactant species. However, they suffer from two or three disadvantages, insufficient support dependencies, and extensive active sites1,2. Biochar can be dark igneous carbon obtained from thermal decomposition forms (such as direct pyrolysis, hydrocarbonation, and gasification) of specific carbon-rich biomass or explosion in an oxygen-limited environment3. The ever-expanding ecological concerns have generated many efforts on the improvement of desirable natural heterogeneous catalysts. One of the powerful methods for preparing biochar is the hydrocarbonation of biomass at relatively mild temperatures. Determined hydrothermal biochars are known as hydrochars and have attracted much attention due to their simple arrangement strategy. This magnificence of biomaterials may be significantly implemented with various equipment4,5.
Compared to solids and bulk compounds with high ratios of surface atoms with high energy, metal nanoparticles show unique but attractive chemical and physical properties6,7. Silver nanoparticles are one of the most used metal nanoparticles, and can catalyze some organic transformations. To produce silver nanoparticles, the salt is usually reduced using various reducing agents, such as hydrazine hydrate8,9. The most advantage is that an expansive amount of nanoparticle material can be produced. The precipitation strategy is probably the best and most useful chemical method to synthesize the desired nanoparticles10.
Hence, modification of biochar, especially with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, may advance the potential recovery of biochar in absorbent media. Biochar11, multilayer carbon nanotubes12, graphene13, clay14, engineered carbon, carbon microspheres15, in terms of small size, hydrophilic groups used on their surface can be attention. One of the best types of supports is polymers, which are widely used to support various types of catalysts16,17. Polyimidazole (PVIm) gives more compounds than carbon materials because the connection of nitrogen atoms in the carbon structure can have excellent adaptability and simplicity in the arrangement and reconstruction of its chemical, electrical and optical properties18. In addition, functionalities can serve as the basis for equilibrating catalytic species through non-covalent interactions. PVIm has been used in particular as a support to immobilize silver nanoparticles to produce Ag/PVIm that may catalyze multi-component reactions18.
Currently, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have attracted much attention in both academia and industry due to their specific combinatorial effectiveness, intrinsic atom economy, and stable integration19. Many diverse and exciting heterocyclic structures, especially those with synthetic appeal as adjuncts capable of safe biological detection, were generated through MCRs20,21.
MCRs are convenient for the sensible set up of chemical libraries of essentially associated, medicinally primary pharmaceutical analog compounds22. Hence, the arrangement of recent multi-component reactions has attracted considerable attention, especially in the area of mild detection and integration of complex particles and characterized compounds. MCRs, especially those used in aqueous environments, have received tremendous attention in engineered natural chemistry these days for the planning of important chemical and natural compounds through the use of concerted methods, atom economy, and green methods23,24. Subsequently, in general, old pot design MCRs reduce chemical waste, which can have a large effect in shortening the reaction times of starting materials and providing high yields of common chemicals25 Although possible, the loading of spirodioxin compounds for the common synthetic drug use of alkaloids, the diverse effects of alkaloids as scientific pharmaceutical intermediates, and the very obvious biological effects are a very long purpose26.
As shown in Fig. 1, the reasons for the reduced efficiency of the three 3-spiroisin cores have attracted the interest of synthetic organic chemists in the synthesis of these adducts.27. That is why there are some reports28 of different catalysts such as l-proline29, TEBA30, and NH4Cl in MCR for the synthesis of leucine derivatives in an aqueous medium. Their use has increased the difficulty of purification used in these reactions.
Spirooxindoles compound exhibiting biological enterprises.
Heterocyclic compounds31,32 synthesized through MCR33 in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts in an aqueous medium are of particular importance34,35.
A silver nanoparticle was synthesized by developing poly(1‑vinylimidazole) on the surface of magnetic biochar (biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag). The catalytic activity of the heterogeneous catalyst was investigated for the synthesis of spiro-2-Amino-4H-pyrans (spirochromenes) through multi-component reactions. The reusing test confirmed that the catalyst had relative stability and reusability, making it a good candidate for catalytic purposes. The catalyst can be reused several times in repeating the coupling reaction cycles with some loss of its activity. It should be noted that MCRs have attracted much attention in both the scientific and industrial worlds due to their specific engineering viability, intrinsic particle economy, and achievable integration42,43,44 (Scheme 1).
A potent one-pot blend of rationalized spirochromenes in terms of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag catalyst.
Experimental
Materials
All chemical substances have been used as bought from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck Companies. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (tetraethoxysilane) (98% w/w), ethanol (99.5% w/w), (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (95% w/w), HNO3 (65% w/w), and silver nitrate (≥ 99.0%), potassium persulphate (99.99%), hydrazine hydrate (24–26% in H2O (RT)), isatin (97%), acenaphthene quinone (97%), malononitrile (98%), ethyl cyanoacetate (98%), dimedone (95%), barbituric acid ethyl acetoacetate (99%), 4-hydroxycoumarin (98%), three-methyl-1H-pyrazole-five (4H)-one (98%), α-naphthol (99%), β-naphthol (99%), n-hexane (99%), ethyl acetic acid (99%), and desired derivations have been provided from the Sigma-Aldrich Company. The stem and roots of the Spear Thistle were purchased from a local shop in Tehran (in Iran). The leaves were purchased from a local shop in Tehran. The plant we used in this work is a plant that is found in abundance in local shops and is not wild and endangered. This study complies with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation.
Biomass material
The raw biomass material in this paper was the stem and roots of Spear Thistle (Fig. 2). Firstly, the material was washed several times using deionized water to remove the impurities. Then, the stem and roots of Spear Thistle were crushed within a particle size range of 0.9–2 mm. After that, the samples were poured into a Teflon-lined hydrothermal autoclave reactor, then the deionized water (70 mL) was added to it and put in an oven by adjusting the temperature at 185 °C for 24 h. Finally, the product was centrifuged (6000 rpm) for 15 min, washed several times with deionized, water and dried at room temperature.
The stem and roots of Spear Thistle-derived.
Synthesis of Fe3O4/biochar
The synthesis of Fe3O4/biochar nanocomposites was conducted as follows: Generally, biochar (0.3 g) was dispersed in 120 mL of deionized water for 30 min. In the next stage, 1.37 g FeCl3·6H2O and 0.5 g FeCl2·4H2O were added to this mixture and well stirred at 60 °C for 6 h. After this time the ammonium solution (11 mL) was added dropping. Then the magnetic Fe3O4/biochar was prepared after 1 h at 60 °C. Finally, the magnetic biochar was cooled then separated via a neodymium, magnet and washed twice with deionized water.
Synthesis of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm
For this purpose, 0.6 g of magnetic biomass was stirred in ethanol (20 mL) for 1 h. Then 1-vinyl imidazole (10 mmol, 1 mL) was dissolved in ethanol (2–3 mL) to form a homogeneous solution then was added dropwise to magnetic biomass, and stirred for 2 h. Afterward, potassium persulphate (KPS) (0.06 g dissolved in 2–3 mL deionized water) was added dropwise to the above mixture as an initiator. Then, the mixture was stirred at 70–75 °C under an N2 atmosphere. Eventually, this product was washed with water and ethanol several times using an external magnetic field and dried at room temperature.
Synthesis of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst
First, a certain amount of AgNO3 (0.025 g dissolved in 50 mL deionized water) was prepared and stirred as long as the solution was obtained clear. After that o.3 g of based catalyst biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm was added to the above solution and then stirred for 6 h at ambient temperature. Separately, 0.5 mL of hydrazine hydrate was dissolved in 5 mL of deionized water, next, 1.0 mL of this solution was added to biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag+ and stirred for 24 h. Eventually, the product was eluted with water and dried at room condition. A novel biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst was obtained for the synthesis of spiro-2-Amino-4H-pyrans (spirochromenes) through multi-component reactions and reduction of nitro aryl aromatic compounds.
Formation of spiro-2-amino-4H-pryans
A mixture of 1.0 mmol of isatin (or acenaphthenequinone), 1.0 mmol of malononitrile (or ethyl cyanoacetate), and 1.0 mmol of 1,3-diketones (dimedone, barbituric acid ethyl acetoacetate), (or 4-hydroxycoumarin/three-methyl-1H-pyrazole-five (4H)-one/α-naphthol or β-naphthol) was stirred with H2O/EtOH (5 mL) in the presence of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag (0.03 g) as a heterogeneous catalyst under appropriate time reflux conditions which turned into proven in Tables 1 and 2.
This reaction was monitored using TLC (n-hexane/ethyl acetic acid, 3:2). After the completion of the reaction, it was cooled to room temperature, and the prepared nanocatalyst was isolated via an external magnet. The obtained product was dried and crystallized in hot ethanol.
In addition, to ensure the reproducibility of the catalyst in optimal conditions, the reaction was performed three times, and the nanocatalyst was tested. The yields presented are the average of three replicates.
Results and discussion
Characterization of catalyst
After the synthesis of the final nanocatalyst, it was characterized by several techniques including FTIR, FESEM, EDS-Mapping, XRD, TEM, VSM as well as ICP.
FT-IR spectra were used to approve the existence of functional groups in biochar, biochar/Fe3O4, biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm, and biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag compounds (Fig. 3).
Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst.
The spectrum of biochar/Fe3O4 is in great agreement with the literature, showing approximately 3388 cm−1 (–OH), 2927 cm−1 (–CH), and 1703 cm−1 (–C=O) characteristic groups. It is speculated that the 1627 cm−1 (–C=C) and 1156 cm−1 (–CO) in biochar contained distinct functions in their structure. In addition, the peak of biochar/Fe3O4 attended at 450–560 cm−1 can be related to Fe–O stretch vibration. Although the characteristic peaks of PVIm and Ag NP can be identified in the FTIR spectra of the cast, the spectra of these components overlap with functional groups of biochar and Fe3O4, the FTIR spectrophotometer cannot confirm the forming of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag-NP.
Dispersion and morphology of the biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag particles were investigated via field emission-scanning microscopy (FE–SEM) as seen in Fig. 4. The morphology of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag was seen in FE–SEM images with small particles of Fe3O4 and Ag with almost spherical morphology, which can be recognized are stuffed together and dispersed on the biochar surface. Additionally, the size of synthesized particles is 33.29 nm to 50.12 nm, which recommends they're nanosized.
FE–SEM image of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst.
The EDX examination of the nanocatalyst, as appeared in Fig. 5, further illustrates the presence of Ag, Fe, C, O, and N elements as well as confirms the successful immobilization of Ag nanoparticles in biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm.
EDS of the biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst.
Furthermore, elemental mappings of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nnanocatalysts were provided to characterize the catalyst. As shown in Fig. 6, Ag atoms were uniformly dispersed in the catalyst. It showed that the distribution of C and Fe atoms was uniform, therefore elements were uniformly distributed in biochar.
Elemental mapping of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was performed to approve the crystalline structure of the synthesized biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst (Fig. 7). The biochar displayed a broad peak at 22° (002) related to graphite-like structures (crystalline carbon). The characteristic peaks of Ag nanoparticles were seen at 2θ = 38.28°, 44.40°, 64.57°, and 77.48° corresponding to cube silver lattice in Miller indices i.e. (111), (200), (220), and (311). In addition, characteristic peaks of Fe3O4 nanoparticles appeared at 2θ = 30.3°, 35.6°, 43.2°, 54.0°, 57.3°, and 63.0° with Miller indices of (220), (311), (400), (422), (511) and (440) respectively. (JCPDS card number 39-1346).
XRD pattern of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst.
To assist decide catalyst properties, the magnetic property of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst, containing a magnetite component was considered by a VSM at ambient temperature (Fig. 8). As illustrated in Fig. 8, the maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) value of biochar/Fe3O4 was estimated to be 38.7 emu g−1 (Fig. 8a) indicating that it has superparamagnetic properties. The Ms was obtained at 38.3 (Fig. 8b) and 33.0 (Fig. 8c) amu g−1 for biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm and biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag, respectively, which shows that the saturation magnetization has decreased with the addition of non-magnetic materials. But this reduction is slight, so the nanocatalyst is easily separated by a magnet from the reaction media.
VSM diagram of (a) biochar/Fe3O4, (b) biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm and (c) biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag.
The gotten magnetic hysteresis circle pictorially appears in Fig. 8. It is readily apparent that it is without a hysteresis circle (S-shaped). It is worth noting that the biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag can be effortlessly collected by utilizing a magnet, and as a result, the catalyst recovery is facilitated, improving its recyclability.
The TEM image (Fig. 9) of the nanocatalyst, biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag, allows the observation of microscopic sheets of biochar. Dark areas on the sheet may indicate the presence of Ag and Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the formation of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag. In addition, we can confirm that Ag and Fe3O4 spheres are observed in polyvinyl imidazole and on biochar surface and the immobilization of Ag and Fe3O4 on biochar and PVIm was successful.
TEM image of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst.
The average diameter of synthesized particles from biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag catalyst as proven for each FE-SEM and TEM can be 30–40 nm; moreover, as indicated, the biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag confirmed sheet-like morphology.
This result is consistent with the FE-SEM result. Due to the magnetic properties of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag, it is somewhat aggregated which is related to the dispersion of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag as can be seen in the TEM image.
Inductively coupled plasma was used for the examination of Ag content as the main nanocatalyst component. According to the results, the silver content was 0.051%. Comparing the results of ICP and EDS shows the difference between the amount of silver in the catalyst and this is because EDS is a surface and local analysis and gives the amount of silver on the surface, but ICP is a bulk analysis and determines its amount in the whole catalyst.
After the characterization the of synthesized nanocatalyst, which proceeded in eco-friendly chemical processes, we considered the biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag as a suitable, easily separable nanocatalyst for a one-pot process of spiro-2-amino-4H-pyran (spirochromene) by the multicomponent reaction (Scheme 1).
Synthesis of spiro-2-amino-4H-pryans
The catalytic efficiency of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag was investigated in the formation of ethyl-6-amino-5-cyano-2-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carboxylate through the reaction of the following three related components which consists of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds acting as isatin, malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate, 5-chloro isatin, and barbituric acid, dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate, α-naphthol, β-naphthol, 4-hydroxyqumarin and three-methyl-1H- isatin and its derivative pyrazole-5 (4H)-on.
To optimize different factors affecting the reaction, different parameters which include catalyst amount, solvent type, and temperature were investigated as a selected reaction including isatin, malononitrile, and dimedone (Table 1, and Scheme 2).
Synthesis of 12a derivative.
To investigate the efficiency and ability of this catalytic MCR, isatin includes isatin and 5-chloroisatin, acenaphthoquinone, malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate, and cyclic ketone, as well as barbituric acid, dimethyl ketone, 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-penta (4H)-one and tetrahydroxycoumarin, acyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compound and ethyl acetoacetate, α-naphthol/β-naphthol, 4-hydroxy odor bean, barbituric acid and trimethyl-1H-pyrazole-5 (4H)-one, were chosen to synthesize the desired products (Tables 2 and 3, and Schemes 3 and 4).
Synthesis of 12a-u derivatives.
Synthesis of 14a-j derivatives.
First, the reaction of isatin and malononitrile with 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-one/4-hydroxycoumarin or barbituric acid/dimedone/ethyl acetoacetate or α-naphthol/β-naphthol was investigated. In the process it did bold out in that Table 2, this MCR went smoothly and produced the desired compound (12a-u) in high yields, with very short response times.
These reactions were catalyzed by biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag, isatin was reacted to ethyl cyanoacetate and barbituric acid/dimedone/ethyl acetoacetate or 4-hydroxy Reacted with coumarin/3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5(4H) -one or α-naphthol/β-naphthol.
It appears that the predicted products (12a-u) were obtained in high yields. In addition, it was investigated whether other isatin derivatives specifically 4-chlorination are effective. The detail of the three-component reaction of isatin and ethyl cyanoacetate/malononitrile using barbituric acid/dimedone/ethyl acetoacetate or 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5 (4H)-one/4-hydroxycoumarin or α-naphthol/β-naphthol can be seen in Table 2 (10a-u).
The required factors were given in high yield, regardless of the influence of the properties of the substituents of isatin. The less spiro-4H-pyran (12a-j) was produced when acetyl naphthoquinone (13) was used (Table 3). It is recognizable that the reaction with ethyl cyanoacetate enforced an extended response time than the reaction via malononitrile, which is probably due to its low reactivity (Table 3).
The method illustrates to a normal successive reaction wherein the isatin (9), first, connected to malononitrile (10) combines with isatylidene malononitrile in the presence of biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag in EtOH/water. This step was named fast Knoevenagel condensation.
Intermediate (17) was formed via a Michael addition mechanism by adding compound (11) to compound (16). Then the hydroxyl group attacked the cyanide group through an intermolecular reaction in compound 18 and finally after tautomerization the final product (19) was formed. Of course, the reaction may be a cascading reaction through Knoevenagel Condensation/Michael Addition. Scheme 5 proposed component for the blend of spiro subsidiaries 19. Scheme 5 proposed component for the blend of spiro subsidiaries 19. Scheme 5 proposed component for the blend of spiro subsidiaries 19.
Proposed component for the blend of spiro subsidiaries 19.
To study the efficiency of the synthesized nanocatalyst, its catalytic performance was compared with the others mentioned in Table 4 (also Scheme 6). The catalytic strength of our specific catalyst (biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag) is compared with the recently detailed MCRs including acenaphthoquinone, malononitrile, and dimethyl ketone to use 2′-amino-tetrahydro-2H-spiro[acenaphthylen-1,4′-chromeno]-3′-carbonitrile (14a) and different catalysts, such as CaCl257, Fe3O4@Cs-CsO3H56, Na2EDTA58, HAuCl4.3H2O59, Meglumine41, Fe2O360, HEAA61, Cu(OAc)2.H2O46, Fe3O4@CS-SO3H NPs62, Amb-400Cl (IRA-400 Cl)63, C4(DABCO-SO3H)2.4Cl64, Carbon-SO3H65, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([bmim][OH]66, DBU67, (SB-DBU)Cl68, PEG-Ni nanoparticles69, trisodium citrate dihydrate70, PC/AgNPs35 and new catalyst biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag. It seems that our new catalyst is better than other catalysts in more items.
Synthesis of 14a derivative.
Moreover, our strategy achieved the required items in a way well yielded and fast response times. In terms of green chemistry, the reusability of this nanocatalyst, in conjunction with utilizing H2O/EtOH as an almost green solvent, enables this environmentally friendly and harmless catalyst to be used in mechanical systems.
The relevant synthesis in this research has already been reported in the literature. All steps have been carried out according to organic synthesis principles, such as Michael addition, water removal, and tautomerization71,72.
Reusability of catalyst
We also investigated the importance of the catalyst and its potential for reuse. The reaction between isatin, barbituric acid and malononitrile under optimized conditions was selected to investigate the reusability of the synthesized nanocatalyst. After the end of the reaction, the catalyst was isolated thru an external magnet and washed with ethanol. The separated nanocatalyst was reused inside the next cycle in the similar reaction environment. In this study was observed that the nanocatalyst can be recovered and reutilized in at least 4. In the fourth cycle, the efficiency of the catalyst decreased (Fig. 10, and Scheme 7).
Normal reusability of our new catalyst within the alertness of admixture 10a.
Synthesis of 12b derivative.
To study the stability of the nanocatalyst in the optimal reaction conditions, ICP was taken and the amount of silver decreased from the initial value of 0.051–0.042%. This result shows that the catalyst has relatively acceptable stability.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the above-presented investigation made accessible an efficient and quick approach for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles immobilized onto the magnetic biochar/polyvinyl imidazole to get an eco-friendly nanocomposite with a good activity, green, and heterogeneous catalyst. The possibility of obtaining and compositing three materials, biochar, polymer, and nanoparticles, has the ability to access a green compound in the imminent need for the design of efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts. Biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag as a new catalyst was effectively utilized as a nanocatalyst within the production of spirochromenes. This catalyst was used to obtain the desired products with high yield. The biochar/Fe3O4/PVIm/Ag nanocatalyst was separated easily by an external magnet. The catalyst was recoverable and reusable for 4 runs without a significant reduction in effectiveness. Another advantage of this catalytic system had been that it could be carried out under gentle reaction conditions in very brief times, in conjunction with a simple process, and the good stability under the optimized conditions. In summary, as the technical advantages of nanotechnology rapidly change from laboratory to large-scale industrial development, nanomaterials are used in all synthesis applications.
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Cai, X. et al. Biotechnology, titanium dioxide-coated biochar composites as adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation materials for the removal of aqueous organic pollutants. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 93, 783–791 (2018).
Liu, S. et al. Enhancement of As (V) adsorption from aqueous solution by a magnetic chitosan/biochar composite. RSC Adv. 7, 10891–10900 (2017).
Jung, K.-W., Lee, S. & Lee, Y. J. Synthesis of novel magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4)/biochar magnetic composites and its adsorption behavior for phosphate in aqueous solutions. Bioresour. Technol. 245, 751–759 (2017).
Sadjadi, S., Heravi, M. M. & Ghoreyshi Kahangi, F. Salep as a biological source for the synthesis of biochar with utility for the catalysis. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 33, e4990 (2019).
Sadjadi, S., Heravi, M. M., Mohammadi, L. & Malmir, M. Pd@ magnetic atalyst. ChemistrySelect 4, 7300–7307 (2019).
Bedlovičová, Z., Strapáč, I., Baláž, M. & Salayová, A. J. A brief overview on antioxidant activity determination of silver nanoparticles. Molecules 25, 3191 (2020).
Pandit, R. J. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from seed extract of Brassica nigra and its antibacterial activity. Nusantara Biosci. 7, 526 (2015).
Kahangi, F. G., Mehrdad, M., Heravi, M. M. & Sadjadi, S. Bio-assisted synthesized Ag (0) nanoparticles stabilized on hybrid of sepiolite and chitin: Efficient catalytic system for xanthene synthesis. Sci. Rep. 1, 1–11 (2020).
Shahriary, M., Veisi, H., Hekmati, M. & Hemmati, S. J. In situ green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles on herbal tea extract (Stachys lavandulifolia)-modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as antibacterial agent and their 4-nitrophenol catalytic reduction activity. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 90, 57–66 (2018).
Ngankam, E. S. et al. Applications, preparation and characterization of magnetic banana peels biochar for fenton degradation of methylene blue. MSA. 11, 382 (2020).
Zhang, H., Xue, G., Chen, H. & Li, X. Magnetic biochar catalyst derived from biological sludge and ferric sludge using hydrothermal carbonization: Preparation, characterization and its circulation in Fenton process for dyeing wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 191, 64–71 (2018).
Huaccallo, Y. et al. Magnetic Fe3O4/multi-walled carbon nanotubes materials for a highly efficient depletion of diclofenac by catalytic wet peroxideoxidation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 22372–22388 (2019).
Wang, F. et al. Facile self-assembly synthesis of γ-Fe2O3/graphene oxide for enhanced photo-Fenton reaction. Environ. Pollut. 248, 229–237 (2019).
Yuan, L. Magnetically recoverable Fe3O4-modified bentonite as a heterogeneous catalyst of H2O2 activation for efficient degradation of methyl orange. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 26, 2355–2361 (2017).
Zhou, L. C. et al. Interfaces, preparation and characterization of magnetic porous carbon microspheres for removal of methylene blue by a heterogeneous Fenton reaction. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 7275–7285 (2014).
Bartáček, J., Drabina, P., Váňa, J., Sedlák, M. & Polymers, F. Recoverable polystyrene-supported catalysts for Sharpless allylic alcohols epoxidations. React. Funct. Polym. 137, 123–132 (2019).
Sajad, S., Moghbeli, M. & Polymers, F. Allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (Am IB) functionalized PolyHIPE to surface immobilize H3PW12O40 catalyst: Chemical oxidation of dibenzothiophene. React. Funct. Polym. 146, 104406 (2020).
Sadjadi, S. & Koohestani, F. Pd immobilized on polymeric network containing imidazolium salt, cyclodextrin and carbon nanotubes: Efficient and recyclable catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media. J. Mol. Liq. 301, 112414 (2020).
Cioc, R. C., Ruijter, E. & Orru, R. V. Multicomponent reactions: Advanced tools for sustainable organic synthesis. Green Chem. 16, 2958–2975 (2014).
Pokhodylo, N. T., Matiychuk, V. S. & Obushak, M. D. One-pot multicomponent synthesis of 1-aryl-5-methyl-N-R2-1 H-1, 2, 3-triazole-4-carboxamides: An easy procedure for combinatorial chemistry. J. Comb. Chem. 11, 481–485 (2009).
Dömling, A. Recent developments in isocyanide based multicomponent reactions in applied chemistry. Chem. Rev. 106, 17–89 (2006).
Hulme, C. & Gore, V. Multi-component reactions: Emerging chemistry in drug discovery"’from xylocain to crixivan. Curr. Med. Chem. 10, 51–80 (2003).
Padwa, A. Domino reactions of rhodium (II) carbenoids for alkaloid synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 3072–3081 (2009).
Ganem, B. Strategies for innovation in multicomponent reaction design. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 463–472 (2009).
Jiang, B. et al. A new rapid multicomponent domino reaction for the formation of functionalized benzo [h] pyrazolo [3, 4-b] quinolines. Org. Biomol. Chem. 9, 3834–3838 (2011).
Galliford, C. V. & Scheidt, K. A. Pyrrolidinyl-spirooxindole natural products as inspirations for the development of potential therapeutic agents. Angew. Chem. 46, 8748–8758 (2007).
Chen, W.-B. Highly enantioselective construction of spiro [4H-pyran-3, 3′-oxindoles] through a domino Knoevenagel/Michael/cyclization sequence catalyzed by cupreine. Org. Lett. 12, 3132–3135 (2010).
Li, Y., Chen, H., Shi, C., Shi, D. & Ji, S. Efficient one-pot synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives catalyzed by L-proline in aqueous medium. J. Comb. Chem. 12, 231–237 (2010).
Zhu, S.-L., Ji, S.-J. & Zhang, Y. A simple and clean procedure for three-component synthesis of spirooxindoles in aqueous medium. Tetrahedron 63, 9365–9372 (2007).
Dabiri, M., Bahramnejad, M. & Baghbanzadeh, M. Ammonium salt catalyzed multicomponent transformation: Simple route to functionalized spirochromenes and spiroacridines. Tetrahedron 65, 9443–9447 (2009).
Talaei, B. & Heravi, MM. Diketene a privileged synthon in the synthesis of heterocycles. Part 2: six-membered ring heterocycles. In Advances in Heterocyclic Chem. 125, 1–106 (2018).
Khaghaninejad, S. & Heravi, M. M. Paal-Knorr reaction in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Adv. Heterocycl. Chem. 111, 95–146 (2014).
Heravi, M. M. Solvent-free multicomponent reactions using the novel N-sulfonic acid modified poly (styrene-maleic anhydride) as a solid acid catalyst. J. Mol. Catal. Chem. 392, 173–180 (2014).
Norrby, P.-O. & Lloyd-Jones, G. C. Computational catalysis. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 324, 1–2 (2010).
Sara, S., Leila, M., Vahideh, Z., Fatemeh, F. B. & Majid, M. H. Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite as a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyrans and spirochromenes. Sci. Rep. 2020, 258 (2020).
Brandão, P., Marques, C. S., Carreiro, E. P., Pineiro, M. & Burke, A. J. Engaging isatins in multicomponent reactions (MCRs)–easy access to structural diversity. Chem. Rec. 21, 924–1037 (2021).
Esmaeilpour, M., Javidi, J. & Divar, M. A green one-pot three-component synthesis of spirooxindoles under conventional heating conditions or microwave irradiation by using Fe3O4@ SiO2-imid-PMAn magnetic porous nanospheres as a recyclable catalyst. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 423, 232–240 (2017).
Tan, S.-F., Ang, K.-P. & Jayachandran, H. L. Synthesis and characterisation of copper (II), nickel (II) and palladium (II) complexes of some schiff bases of dehydroacetic acid. Transit. Met. Chem. 9, 390–395 (1984).
Jalili-Baleh, L. et al. Synthesis of monospiro-2-amino-4H-pyran derivatives catalyzed by propane-1-sulfonic acid-modified magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Helv. Chim. Acta 96, 1601–1609 (2013).
Heravi, M. M., Hashemi, E. & Azimian, F. N-Sulfonic acid modified poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydride): An efficient and recyclable solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of a wide range of spiropyrans. JICS 12, 647–653 (2015).
Wang, G. D., Zhang, X. N. & Zhang, Z. H. One-pot three-component synthesis of spirooxindoles catalyzed by hexamethylenetetramine in water. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 50, 61–65 (2013).
Guo, R.-Y. et al. Meglumine: A novel and efficient catalyst for one-pot, three-component combinatorial synthesis of functionalized 2-amino-4 H-pyrans. ACS Comb. Sci. 15, 557–563 (2013).
Safaei, H. R., Shekouhy, M., Rahmanpur, S. & Shirinfeshan, A. Glycerol as a biodegradable and reusable promoting medium for the catalyst-free one-pot three component synthesis of 4H-pyrans. Green Chem. 14, 1696–1704 (2012).
Niknam, K. & Abolpour, P. Synthesis of spirooxindole pyrimidines catalyzed by silica-bondedN-propyltriethylenetetramine as a recyclable solid base catalyst in aqueous medium. Monatsh. Chem. 146, 683–690 (2015).
Feng, J., Ablajan, K. & Sali, A. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine-catalyzed multi-component one-pot reactions for the convenient synthesis of spiro [indoline-3, 4′-pyrano [2, 3-c] pyrazole] derivatives. Tetrahedron 70, 484–489 (2014).
Mohamadpour, F., Maghsoodlou, M. T., Heydari, R. & Lashkari, M. Copper (II) acetate monohydrate: An efficient and eco-friendly catalyst for the one-pot multi-component synthesis of biologically active spiropyrans and 1H-pyrazolo [1, 2-b] phthalazine-5, 10-dione derivatives under solvent-free conditions. Res. Chem. Intermed. 42, 7841–7853 (2016).
Shinde, V. V., Reddy, M. V., Kim, Y. H., Cho, B. K. & Jeong, Y. T. Silica sodium carbonate: The most efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of indeno [1, 2-b] quinoline and spiro [chromene-4, 3′-indoline]-3-carbonitriles under solvent-free condition. Monatsh. Chem. 146, 673–682 (2015).
Dandia, A., Parewa, V., Jain, A. K. & Rathore, K. S. Step-economic, efficient, ZnS nanoparticle-catalyzed synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives in aqueous medium via Knoevenagel condensation followed by Michael addition. Green Chem. 13, 2135–2145 (2011).
Dandia, A., Arya, K., Sati, M. & Sharma, R. Facile microwave-assisted one-pot solid phase synthesis of spiro [3H-indole-3, 4’-pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridines]. Heterocycl. Commun. 9, 415–420 (2003).
Li, W., Xuwen, C., Yunyun, L. & Jieping, W. Recent advances in organic synthesis employing ethyl lactate as green reaction medium. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 36, 954–961 (2016).
Goli-Jolodar, O., Shirini, F. & Seddighi, M. Introduction of a novel basic ionic liquid containing dual basic functional groups for the efficient synthesis of spiro-4H-pyrans. J. Mol. Liq. 224, 1092–1101 (2016).
Zonouz, A. M., Eskandari, I. & Khavasi, H. R. A green and convenient approach for the synthesis of methyl 6-amino-5-cyano-4-aryl-2, 4-dihydropyrano [2, 3-c] pyrazole-3-carboxylates via a one-pot, multi-component reaction in water. Tetrahedron Lett. 53, 5519–5522 (2012).
Saeedi, M., Heravi, M. M., Beheshtiha, Y. S. & Oskooie, H. A. One-pot three-component synthesis of the spiroacenaphthylene derivatives. Tetrahedron 66, 5345–5348 (2010).
Chandam, D. R., Mulik, A. G., Patil, D. R. & Deshmukh, M. B. Oxalic acid dihydrate: Proline as a new recyclable designer solvent: A sustainable, green avenue for the synthesis of spirooxindole. Res. Chem. Intermed. 42, 1411–1423 (2016).
Wu, M., Feng, Q., Wan, D. & Ma, J. CTACl as catalyst for four-component, one-pot synthesis of pyranopyrazole derivatives in aqueous medium. Synth. Commun. 43, 1721–1726 (2013).
Naeimi, H. & Lahouti, S. Sulfonated chitosan encapsulated magnetically Fe3O4 nanoparticles as effective and reusable catalyst for ultrasound-promoted rapid, three-component synthesis of spiro-4H-pyrans. JICS 15, 2017–2031 (2018).
Safaei, H. R., Shekouhy, M., Shirinfeshan, A. & Rahmanpur, S. CaCl2 as a bifunctional reusable catalyst: Diversity-oriented synthesis of 4H-pyran library under ultrasonic irradiation. Mol. Divers. 16, 669–683 (2012).
Jazinizadeh, T. et al. Na2EDTA: An efficient, green and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of biologically important spirooxindoles, spiroacenaphthylenes and spiro-2-amino-4H-pyrans under solvent-free conditions. JICS 14, 2117–2125 (2017).
Kidwai, M., Jahan, A. & Mishra, N. K. Gold (III) chloride (HAuCl4· 3H2O) in PEG: A new and efficient catalytic system for the synthesis of functionalized spirochromenes. Appl. Catal. A 425, 35–43 (2012).
Maghsoodlou, M. T., Heydari, R., Mohamadpour, F. & Lashkari, M. Fe2O3 as an environmentally benign natural catalyst for one-pot and solvent-free synthesis of spiro-4H-pyran derivatives. JICCE 36, 31–38 (2017).
Jin, S.-S., Ding, M.-H. & Guo, H.-Y. Ionic liquid catalyzed one-pot synthesis of spiropyran derivatives via three-component reaction in water. Heterocycl. Commun. 19, 139–143 (2013).
Naeimi, H. & Lahouti, S. Sonochemical one pot synthesis of novel spiroacridines catalyzed by magnetically functionalized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with chitosan as a reusable effective catalyst. RSC Adv. 7, 2555–2562 (2017).
Harichandran, G. et al. Amberlite IRA-400 Cl resin catalyzed multicomponent organic synthesis in water: Synthesis, antimicrobial and docking studies of spiroheterocyclic 2- oxindoles and acenaphthoquinone. Curr. Organocatal. 5, 13–24 (2018).
Goli-Jolodar, O., Shirini, F. & Seddighi, M. An efficient and practical synthesis of specially 2-amino-4H-pyrans catalyzed by C4 (DABCO-SO3H)2· 4Cl. Dyes Pigm. 133, 292–303 (2016).
Jin, S.-S. & Guo, H.-Y.J. Solvent-free and ionic liquid catalysed three-component method synthesis of spiro-2-amino-4 H-pyrans derivatives. J. Chem. Res. 36, 638–640 (2012).
Rao, B. M. et al. Carbon–SO3H: A novel and recyclable solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of spiro [4H-pyran-3, 3′-oxindoles]. Tetrahedron. Lett. 54, 2466–2471 (2013).
Saluja, P., Aggarwal, K. & Khurana, J. M. One-pot synthesis of biologically important spiro-2-amino-4 H-pyrans, spiroacenaphthylenes, and spirooxindoles using DBU as a green and recyclable catalyst in aqueous medium. Synth. Commun. 43, 3239–3246 (2013).
Hasaninejad, A. et al. Silica-bonded 5-n-propyl-octahydro-pyrimido [1, 2-a] azepinium chloride (SB-DBU) Cl as a highly efficient, heterogeneous and recyclable silica-supported ionic liquid catalyst for the synthesis of benzo [b] pyran, bis (benzo [b] pyran) and spiro-pyran derivatives. J. Mol. Catal. Chem. 372, 137–150 (2013).
Khurana, J. M. & Yadav, S. Highly monodispersed PEG-stabilized Ni nanoparticles: A proficient catalyst for the synthesis of biologically important spiropyrans. Aust. J. Chem. 65, 314–319 (2012).
Brahmachari, G. & Banerjee, B. Facile and chemically sustainable one-pot synthesis of a wide array of fused O-and N-heterocycles catalyzed by trisodium citrate dihydrate under ambient conditions. Asian J. Org. Chem. 5, 271–286 (2016).
Saneinezhad, S., Mohammadi, L., Zadsirjan, V., Bamoharram, F. F. & Heravi, M. M. Silver nanoparticles-decorated Preyssler functionalized cellulose biocomposite as a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyrans and spirochromenes. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–26 (2020).
Faroughi-Niya, H., Hazeri, N. & Fatahpour, M. Synthesis, characterization, and application of CoFe2O4@ amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid as a novel and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of spirochromene derivatives. Appl. Organom. Chem. 35, 6119 (2021).
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Alzahra University for its partial financial support. M.M.H. also thank the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for the grants given to individuals.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
L.M. and P.M. synthesized catalysts and identified spiro-chromenes. M.M.H. and A.S. wrote the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammadi, L., Heravi, M.M., Saljooqi, A. et al. The preparation of polyvinyl imidazole-functionalized magnetic biochar decorated by silver nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of spiro-2-Amino-4H-pyran compounds. Sci Rep 12, 22281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25857-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25857-0
This article is cited by
-
Metal oxide nanobiochar materials to remediate heavy metal and dye pollution: a review
Environmental Chemistry Letters (2024)
Comments
By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
