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Body fluid-derived stem cells — an untapped stem cell source in genitourinary regeneration

Nature Reviews Urology volume 20, pages 739–761 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Somatic stem cells have been obtained from solid organs and tissues, including the bone marrow, placenta, corneal stroma, periosteum, adipose tissue, dental pulp and skeletal muscle. These solid tissue-derived stem cells are often used for tissue repair, disease modelling and new drug development. In the past two decades, stem cells have also been identified in various body fluids, including urine, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, breastmilk and menstrual blood. These body fluid-derived stem cells (BFSCs) have stemness properties comparable to those of other adult stem cells and, similarly to tissue-derived stem cells, show cell surface markers, multi-differentiation potential and immunomodulatory effects. However, BFSCs are more easily accessible through non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches than solid tissue-derived stem cells and can be isolated without enzymatic tissue digestion. Additionally, BFSCs have shown good versatility in repairing genitourinary abnormalities in preclinical models through direct differentiation or paracrine mechanisms such as pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, optimization of protocols is needed to improve the efficacy and safety of BFSC therapy before therapeutic translation.

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Fig. 1: Stem cell types and sources.
Fig. 2: USCs originating from detached parietal epithelial cells.
Fig. 3: Regenerative mechanisms of BFSCs.
Fig. 4: Cell-based therapy with BFSCs in genitourinary regeneration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Ru-Lin Huang & Qingfeng Li

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Jian-Xing Ma

  3. Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Anthony Atala & Yuanyuan Zhang

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R.L.H. researched data for the article. All authors contributed substantially to discussion of the content. Y.Z. and R.L.H. wrote the article. All authors reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

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Huang, RL., Li, Q., Ma, JX. et al. Body fluid-derived stem cells — an untapped stem cell source in genitourinary regeneration. Nat Rev Urol 20, 739–761 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-023-00787-2

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