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Rapid advances enabling high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells

Nature Reviews Materials volume 9, pages 399–419 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that have a positive–intrinsic–negative (p–i–n, or often referred to as inverted) structure are becoming increasingly attractive for commercialization owing to their rapid increase in power conversion efficiency, easily scalable fabrication, reliable operation and compatibility with various perovskite-based tandem device configurations. Here, we review key material and device considerations for making highly efficient and stable p–i–n PSCs. First, we summarize key advances in charge transport materials, which were critical to the rapid power conversion efficiency progress. Second, we discuss promising perovskite compositions and fabrication methods. We highlight various additive engineering approaches to improve the perovskite layer as well as interface engineering strategies that target either the buried or top perovskite surface layer. Third, we review progress in tandem devices, focusing on optimization of the interconnection layer. Next, we summarize the status and strategies for improving p–i–n PSC stability, especially considering the challenges of outdoor applications. We also provide prospects for future research directions and challenges.

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Fig. 1: Typical perovskite solar cells structure and notable device efficiency progress.
Fig. 2: Representative charge transport materials for efficient p–i–n perovskite solar cells.
Fig. 3: Additive engineering of the perovskite layer.
Fig. 4: Perovskite–electron transport layer interface engineering.
Fig. 5: Hole transport layer–perovskite bottom surface engineering.
Fig. 6: Interconnection layer and top transparent electrode contact designs.
Fig. 7: Perovskite solar cells stability.
Fig. 8: Bifacial perovskite solar cells.

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Acknowledgements

This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. The authors acknowledge the support from the Advanced Perovskite Cells and Modules programme of the National Center for Photovoltaics, funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Office. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the US Government. The US Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes.

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    Qi Jiang & Kai Zhu

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Jiang, Q., Zhu, K. Rapid advances enabling high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. Nat Rev Mater 9, 399–419 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00678-x

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