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Perovskite–organic tandem solar cells

Nature Reviews Materials volume 9, pages 202–217 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

The bandgap tunability of halide perovskites makes perovskite solar cells excellent building blocks for multijunction architectures that can overcome the fundamental efficiency limits of single-junction devices. Meanwhile, the introduction of non-fullerene acceptors has led to tremendous advances in the field of organic solar cells. Organic and perovskite semiconductors share similar processing technologies, making them attractive partners for multijunction architectures. This Perspective article outlines the prospects and challenges of perovskite–organic tandem solar cells by highlighting the key aspects of the individual building blocks and how they interact with one another. The discussion includes the role of non-fullerene acceptors in narrow-gap organic solar cells with high operational stability, the need for long-term stability in wide-gap perovskite solar cells and the impact of the design and functionality of high-quality interconnects on the characteristics of the tandem device. Finally, the prospects of perovskite–organic tandem solar cells are benchmarked against other emerging tandem solar cell technologies.

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Fig. 1: Working principle of perovskite–organic tandem solar cells.
Fig. 2: Organic subcell.
Fig. 3: Wide-gap perovskite cells for tandem devices.
Fig. 4: The interconnect in perovskite–organic tandem solar cells.
Fig. 5: Integrated perovskite–organic solar cells.
Fig. 6: Benchmarking perovskite–organic cells against other emerging tandem solar cells.

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Acknowledgements

K.O.B., P.W., F.Z. and T.R. acknowledge the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Foundation) (within the SPP 2196: grant numbers RI 1551/15-2, RI 1551/12-2 and RI1551/22-1) and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (grant number 01DP20008) for financial support. The research leading to these results has received partial funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme under grant agreement number 951774 (FOXES). P.W. further thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation for his postdoctoral fellowship. A.D. acknowledges support from Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC), CRF grants C5037-18G and C7018-20G. X.G. and Y.H acknowledge the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) at the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERIS is supported by NUS, the National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF), the Energy Market Authority of Singapore (EMA) and the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB). T.W. and W.L. acknowledge financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 52273196, 52073221 and 52203238) and the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province (2023BAB116). F.L. and M.S. acknowledge the DFG (project number 423749265–SPP 2196 (SURPRISE II)) for funding. M.S. further acknowledges the Heisenberg programme from the DFG as well as the Vice Chancellor Early Career Professorship Scheme from the Chinese University of Hong Kong for funding (project number 498155101). F.L. acknowledges the Volkswagen Foundation for funding via the Freigeist Program.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Kai O. Brinkmann, Pang Wang.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

    Kai O. Brinkmann, Pang Wang, Florian Zimmermann & Thomas Riedl

  2. Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials & Systems, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

    Kai O. Brinkmann, Pang Wang, Florian Zimmermann & Thomas Riedl

  3. Soft Matter Physics and Optoelectronics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Felix Lang & Dieter Neher

  4. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China

    Wei Li & Tao Wang

  5. Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiao Guo & Yi Hou

  6. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiao Guo & Yi Hou

  7. Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Selina Olthof

  8. Electronic Engineering Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Martin Stolterfoht

  9. Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Aleksandra B. Djurišić

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Supplementary information

Glossary

IT-4F

3,9-Bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6,7-difluoro)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene.

IT family

Small molecular non-fullerene electron acceptors with indacenodithiophene as the central core.

ITIC

3,9-Bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene.

L8-BO

2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-((12,13-Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-(2-butyloctyl)-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2′′,3′′:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile.

PC61BM

Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester.

PC71BM

Phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester.

PCDTBT

Poly[N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)].

PEDOT:PSS

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate.

PffBT4T-2OD

Poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3‴-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2‴-quaterthiophen-5,5‴-diyl)].

PM6

Poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1′,3′-di-2-thienyl-5′,7′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′-c:4′,5′-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione)].

Y6

2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-((12,13-Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2′′,3′′:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile.

Y family

Small molecular non-fullerene electron acceptors with dithienothiophen [3,2-b]-pyrrolobenzothiadiazole as the central core.

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Brinkmann, K.O., Wang, P., Lang, F. et al. Perovskite–organic tandem solar cells. Nat Rev Mater 9, 202–217 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00642-1

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