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Fluorination in advanced battery design

Nature Reviews Materials volume 9, pages 119–133 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

The increasing demand for high-performance rechargeable batteries, particularly in energy storage applications such as electric vehicles, has driven the development of advanced battery technologies with improved energy density, safety and cycling stability. Fluorine has emerged as a crucial element in achieving these goals, owing to its hydrophobicity, robust bond strength and stability, exceptional dielectric properties and strong electronegativity and polarization. These attributes provide fluorinated battery components with high thermal and oxidative stability, chemical inertness and non-flammability. Importantly, fluorinated materials also facilitate the formation of a thin, protective film of corrosion products at the metal–electrolyte interface, which serves as a barrier against further chemical reactions with the electrolyte. Fluorinated species are now used in a wide range of battery components, including solid and liquid electrolytes, electrolyte additives, solvents, binders and protective layers for electrodes. This Review explores the design and utilization of fluorine-containing species in advanced batteries, focusing on the relationship between the chemical structure of the species and its impact on battery performance. Additionally, given the regulatory landscape surrounding the use of fluorinated compounds, we discuss the current challenges and future directions related to the responsible reuse and recycling of fluorinated materials in battery-related components.

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Fig. 1: Performance benefits of fluorinated battery components.
Fig. 2: Advanced all-solid-state electrolyte chemistries and performance.
Fig. 3: Design and performance of fluorinated electrolyte solvents in batteries.
Fig. 4: Fluorinated electrolyte additives in batteries.
Fig. 5: Ex situ and in situ formation of fluoride-rich protection layer on the surface of anodes.

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Acknowledgements

C.Z. acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council for the CJ Martin Fellowship (APP1157440) and the Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Awards (DECRA) Fellowship (DE230101105). L.W. appreciates the financial support from the Australian Research Council through its Linkage (LP170100392) and Laureate Fellowship (FL190100139) schemes. C.J.H. acknowledges partial support by the US Army Research Office under Cooperative Agreement W911NF-19-2-0026 for the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies. A.K.W. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (CE140100036, DP210101496 and CE230100017).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Yiqing Wang, Zhenzhen Wu, Yutong Zhu, Lianzhou Wang, Andrew K. Whittaker & Cheng Zhang

  2. Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Yiqing Wang & Cheng Zhang

  3. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Zhenzhen Wu & Lianzhou Wang

  4. Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

    Zhenzhen Wu

  5. Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), ARC Industry Training Transformation Centre for Future Energy Storage, storEnergy, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

    Faezeh Makhlooghi Azad & Maria Forsyth

  6. Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Craig J. Hawker

  7. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Green Electrochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Andrew K. Whittaker

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All authors contributed to the discussion of content and edited the paper before submission. Y.W., Z.W., F.M.A., Y.Z. and C.Z. researched data for the article and wrote the article. L.W., C.J.H., A.K.W. and M.F. revised the paper.

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Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Azad, F.M. et al. Fluorination in advanced battery design. Nat Rev Mater 9, 119–133 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00623-4

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