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Pharmacogenomics: current status and future perspectives

Nature Reviews Genetics volume 24, pages 350–362 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Inter-individual variability in drug response, be it efficacy or safety, is common and likely to become an increasing problem globally given the growing elderly population requiring treatment. Reasons for this inter-individual variability include genomic factors, an area of study called pharmacogenomics. With genotyping technologies now widely available and decreasing in cost, implementing pharmacogenomics into clinical practice — widely regarded as one of the initial steps in mainstreaming genomic medicine — is currently a focus in many countries worldwide. However, major challenges of implementation lie at the point of delivery into health-care systems, including the modification of current clinical pathways coupled with a massive knowledge gap in pharmacogenomics in the health-care workforce. Pharmacogenomics can also be used in a broader sense for drug discovery and development, with increasing evidence suggesting that genomically defined targets have an increased success rate during clinical development.

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Fig. 1: The pharmacogenomics landscape.

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  1. The Wolfson Centre for Personalized Medicine and Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Munir Pirmohamed

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Competing interests

M.P. has received partnership funding for the following: the Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Pharmacology Training Scheme (co-funded by MRC and Roche, UCB, Eli Lilly and Novartis) and a PhD studentship jointly funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and Astra Zeneca. He also has unrestricted educational grant support for the UK Pharmacogenetics and Stratified Medicine Network from Bristol-Myers Squibb. He has developed an HLA genotyping panel with MC Diagnostics but does not benefit financially from this. He is part of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) consortium ARDAT (www.ardat.org). None of the funding received is related to the current paper.

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Nature Reviews Genetics thanks Lili Milani, who co-reviewed with Kristi Krebs; Dawn Waterworth; Amber Beitelshees and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Related links

All of Us Research Program: https://allofus.nih.gov/

China Kadoorie Biobank: https://www.ckbiobank.org/

CPIC Guidelines: https://cpicpgx.org/guidelines/

H3Africa: https://h3africa.org/

Open Targets: https://www.opentargets.org/

Our Future Health: https://ourfuturehealth.org.uk/

Qatar Genome Programme: https://www.qatargenome.org.qa/

Trans-Omic for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme: https://topmed.nhlbi.nih.gov/

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Pirmohamed, M. Pharmacogenomics: current status and future perspectives. Nat Rev Genet 24, 350–362 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-022-00572-8

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