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  • Review Article
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Haemostatic materials for wound healing applications

Nature Reviews Chemistry volume 5, pages 773–791 (2021)Cite this article

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Abstract

Wounds are one of the most common health issues, and the cost of wound care and healing has continued to increase over the past decade. The first step in wound healing is haemostasis, and the development of haemostatic materials that aid wound healing has accelerated in the past 5 years. Numerous haemostatic materials have been fabricated, composed of different active components (including natural polymers, synthetic polymers, silicon-based materials and metal-containing materials) and in various forms (including sponges, hydrogels, nanofibres and particles). In this Review, we provide an overview of haemostatic materials in wound healing, focusing on their chemical design and operation. We describe the physiological process of haemostasis to elucidate the principles that underpin the design of haemostatic wound dressings. We also highlight the advantages and limitations of the different active components and forms of haemostatic materials. The main challenges and future directions in the development of haemostatic materials for wound healing are proposed.

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Fig. 1: Mechanisms of primary and secondary haemostasis.
Fig. 2: Haemostatic sponges in wound healing.
Fig. 3: Haemostatic hydrogels in wound healing with different adhesive mechanisms.
Fig. 4: Haemostatic nanofibres in wound healing.
Fig. 5: Haemostatic particles in wound healing.
Fig. 6: Hybrid haemostatic materials.

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Acknowledgements

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51973172), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (grant nos 2020JC-03 and 2019TD-020), the State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the World-Class Universities (Disciplines) and the Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for the Central Universities and the Opening Project of the Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University (grant no. 2019LHM-KFKT008).

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  1. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

    Baolin Guo, Ruonan Dong, Yongping Liang & Meng Li

  2. Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

    Baolin Guo

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Glossary

Angiogenesis

Process leading to the formation of new blood vessels, involving sprouting and splitting from pre-existing vessels.

Fibrin

A highly insoluble protein polymer formed by spontaneous polymerization of fibrinogen upon excision of the A and B polypeptide chains by thrombin, and forms needle-like crystals.

Thrombus

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel or inside the heart and remains at the site of its formation.

Mesocellular silica foam

Silicon-based nanomaterial with large-opening spherical mesopores and large pore volume; made by the reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate under acidic conditions with the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123, mesitylene and NH4F.

Activated partial thromboplastin time

The most commonly used sensitive screening test in clinical practice to determine the coagulation activity of the intrinsic coagulation system; measures the time taken for coagulation upon addition of activated partial thromboplastin time reagent (factor XII activator and cephalin) and Ca2+ ions to plasma at 37 °C.

Chabazite

Tectosilicate mineral of the zeolite group with the formula (Ca,K2,Na2,Mg)Al2Si4O12·6H2O. Chabazite-type zeolites are highly absorbent, which is beneficial for increasing the concentration of components in blood to facilitate haemostasis.

Fibrinogen

A circulating glycoprotein (with a molecular mass of 340 kDa) secreted by hepatocytes and composed of two symmetrical half-molecules, each of which comprises three different polypeptide chains (Aα, Bβ and γ).

Metal–organic framework

(MOF). Class of porous materials composed of inorganic nodes (metal ions or clusters) connected by organic ligands to form 1D, 2D or 3D structures.

Bioglass

A silicon-based glass–ceramic bioactive material containing calcium and phosphorus.

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Guo, B., Dong, R., Liang, Y. et al. Haemostatic materials for wound healing applications. Nat Rev Chem 5, 773–791 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-021-00323-z

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