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Eye movements during text reading align with the rate of speech production

Nature Human Behaviour volume 6, pages 429–442 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

Across languages, the speech signal is characterized by a predominant modulation of the amplitude spectrum between about 4.3 and 5.5 Hz, reflecting the production and processing of linguistic information chunks (syllables and words) every ~200 ms. Interestingly, ~200 ms is also the typical duration of eye fixations during reading. Prompted by this observation, we demonstrate that German readers sample written text at ~5 Hz. A subsequent meta-analysis of 142 studies from 14 languages replicates this result and shows that sampling frequencies vary across languages between 3.9 Hz and 5.2 Hz. This variation systematically depends on the complexity of the writing systems (character-based versus alphabetic systems and orthographic transparency). Finally, we empirically demonstrate a positive correlation between speech spectrum and eye movement sampling in low-skilled non-native readers, with tentative evidence from post hoc analysis suggesting the same relationship in low-skilled native readers. On the basis of this convergent evidence, we propose that during reading, our brain’s linguistic processing systems imprint a preferred processing rate—that is, the rate of spoken language production and perception—onto the oculomotor system.

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Fig. 1: Reading-related sampling rates.
Fig. 2: Meta-analysis of reading-related sampling rates.
Fig. 3: Comparison of writing systems.
Fig. 4: Relationship of speech and reading rates in non-native German speakers.
Fig. 5: Relationship of speech and reading rates in 86 native German speakers.

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Data availability

The data for all studies are available at https://osf.io/96vp8/. We have one restriction—the raw audio of the interviews in Studies 3 and 4. We will not make these data publicly available since these interviews contain potentially personal matters and therefore pose a threat to person-specific data security. However, the extracted amplitude modulation spectra, which do not include this critical information, are available.

Code availability

The analysis scripts used for all studies are available at https://osf.io/96vp8/ (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/96VP8).

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Acknowledgements

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2013) under grant agreement no. 617891 awarded to C.J.F. and from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme under grant agreement no. 707932 awarded to B.G. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. We thank J. Müller for helpful comments on a previous version of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Benjamin Gagl, Klara Gregorova, Julius Golch, Jona Sassenhagen & Christian J. Fiebach

  2. Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Benjamin Gagl & Christian J. Fiebach

  3. Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Benjamin Gagl

  4. Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

    Stefan Hawelka

  5. Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Alessandro Tavano

  6. Ernst Struengmann Institute for Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    David Poeppel

  7. Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    David Poeppel

  8. Max-Planck-NYU Center for Language, Music, and Emotion (CLaME), Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    David Poeppel

  9. Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Christian J. Fiebach

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Contributions

B.G., D.P. and C.J.F. designed the research. B.G. and S.H. performed Study 1. B.G. and J.G. performed Study 2 (meta-analysis). B.G. and K.G. performed Studies 3 and 4. B.G., A.T. and J.S. analysed the data. B.G. and C.J.F. wrote the paper. All authors gave comments on the paper during the process.

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Gagl, B., Gregorova, K., Golch, J. et al. Eye movements during text reading align with the rate of speech production. Nat Hum Behav 6, 429–442 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01215-4

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