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Atmospheric methane variability through the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation mainly controlled by tropical sources

Nature Geoscience volume 16, pages 1174–1180 (2023)Cite this article

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A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 02 January 2024

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Abstract

Constraining the causes of past atmospheric methane variability is important for understanding links between methane and climate. Abrupt methane changes during the last deglaciation have been intensely studied for this purpose, but the relative importance of high-latitude and tropical sources remains poorly constrained. The methane interpolar concentration difference reflects past geographic emission variability, but existing records suffered from subtle but considerable methane production during analysis. Here, we report an ice-core-derived interpolar difference record covering the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation, with substantially improved temporal resolution, chronology and a critical correction for methane production in samples from Greenland. Using box models to infer latitudinal source changes, we show that tropical sources dominated abrupt methane variability of the deglaciation, highlighting their sensitivity to abrupt climate change and rapidly shifting tropical rainfall patterns. Northern extratropical emissions began increasing ~16,000 years ago, probably through wetland expansion and/or permafrost degradation induced by high-latitude warming, and contributed at most 25 Tg yr−1 (45% of the total emission increase) to the abrupt methane rise that coincided with rapid northern warming at the onset of the Bølling–Allerød interval. These constraints on deglacial climate–methane cycle interactions can improve the understanding of possible present and future feedbacks.

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Fig. 1: Summary of all discrete-sample CH4 data and corrections used in this study.
Fig. 2: The CH4 rIPD records derived using GISP2 and NEEM.
Fig. 3: Four-box-model results for the NEEM- and GISP2-derived rIPDs.

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Data availability

The [CH4], rIPD and box-model data are published on the Arctic Data Center, US Antarctic Program Data Center (USAP DC) and NOAA National Climatic Data Center. NEEM [CH4], WD [CH4] and GISP2 [CH4] data are publicly available and archived at https://doi.org/10.18739/A2ZC7RW3H and USAP DC 601737, the new CH4,xs data are archived at https://doi.org/10.18739/A2TM7229J, and the GISP2- and NEEM-derived rIPD results and four-box-model output are archived at https://doi.org/10.18739/A2PZ51N77 and USAP DC 601736. Additional GISP2 [CH4] data are archived at https://doi.org/10.18739/A2639K65M. Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

The code and data used to calculate the GISP2- and NEEM-derived rIPD records, run the four-box model and plot the results in Figs. 1–3 are archived and publicly available on Github at https://github.com/benryoung23/Riddell-Young_etal_2023.git.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) awards 1702920 (C.B., K.M.), 2102944 (C.B., K.M.) and 0806414 (E.B., C.B., J.R., J.E). The University of Bern gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (no. 200020_172506: M.M., J.S., H.F. and 200020B_200328: M.M., J.S., H.F.). We thank the NSF Ice Core Facility (NICF) and the University of Copenhagen for their curation and preparation of the WD/GISP2 and NEEM ice-core samples used in this study, respectively. We also thank M. L. Kalk for his assistance in methane data measurement at Oregon State University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

    Ben Riddell-Young, Julia Rosen, Edward Brook, Christo Buizert, Kaden Martin & Jon Edwards

  2. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA

    James Lee

  3. Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Michaela Mühl, Jochen Schmitt & Hubertus Fischer

  4. Center for Ice and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Thomas Blunier

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  1. Ben Riddell-Young
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Contributions

Methane data measured by J.R., J.L., J.E., K.M., B.R.-Y., E.B. and C.B.; excess methane data measured by B.R.-Y., K.M., J.L., M.M., J.S. and H.F.; gas age scale synchronization, rIPD calculation and box-model analysis by J.R., B.R.-Y., E.B., J.E. and J.L.; paper preparation by B.R.-Y. and E.B. All authors contributed to the final paper.

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Correspondence to Ben Riddell-Young or Edward Brook.

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Riddell-Young, B., Rosen, J., Brook, E. et al. Atmospheric methane variability through the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation mainly controlled by tropical sources. Nat. Geosci. 16, 1174–1180 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01332-x

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