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Recycling of solid-state batteries

Nature Energy volume 9, pages 373–385 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are expected to provide higher energy densities, faster charging performance and greater safety than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Introducing a solid electrolyte (SE) results in changes in materials, manufacturing processes and cell characteristics. Compared to LIBs, however, there is a limited understanding of the recyclability of SSBs. Here we review the present strategies for indirect recycling of various SSBs, such as resynthesis, and direct recycling, such as reconditioning, focusing on promising SEs including oxides, sulfides/thiophosphates/halides and polymers. We consider the recycling routes adapted to different SEs, consisting of pretreatment as well as mechanical and metallurgical processes. Future recycling solutions will need to meet the demands for robust, energy-efficient methods with minimal environmental impact, while delivering high recycling rates and good secondary material quality.

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Fig. 1: Possible process routes for recycling conventional LIBs.
Fig. 2: Schematic structure of different SSB concepts.
Fig. 3: Elementary composition (in wt%) of a conventional LIB and different SSBs at the cell level.
Fig. 4: Potential process routes for recycling the different SSB technologies.
Fig. 5: Possible design of a multi-product multi-way recycling plant for SSBs.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the S²taR (03XP0319A, 03XP0319D) and FB2-Prod (03XP0432A, 03XP0432E) projects. We also acknowledge funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy (EXC 2163/1—Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation—project ID 390881007).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Marco Ahuis, Stefan Doose, Daniel Vogt, Peter Michalowski, Sabrina Zellmer & Arno Kwade

  2. Battery LabFactory Braunschweig, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Marco Ahuis, Stefan Doose, Daniel Vogt, Peter Michalowski, Sabrina Zellmer & Arno Kwade

  3. Cluster of Excellence SE²A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Daniel Vogt, Peter Michalowski & Arno Kwade

  4. Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, Braunschweig, Germany

    Sabrina Zellmer & Arno Kwade

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Ahuis, M., Doose, S., Vogt, D. et al. Recycling of solid-state batteries. Nat Energy 9, 373–385 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01463-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01463-4

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