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Contributions of human cultures to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation

Nature Ecology & Evolution (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

The expansion of globalized industrial societies is causing global warming, ecosystem degradation, and species and language extinctions worldwide. Mainstream conservation efforts still focus on nature protection strategies to revert this crisis, often overlooking the essential roles of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IP&LC) in protecting biodiversity and ecosystems globally. Here we assess the scientific literature to identify relationships between biodiversity (including ecosystem diversity) and cultural diversity, and investigate how these connections may affect conservation outcomes in tropical lowland South America. Our assessment reveals a network of interactions and feedbacks between biodiversity and diverse IP&LC, suggesting interconnectedness and interdependencies from which multiple benefits to nature and societies emerge. We illustrate our findings with five case studies of successful conservation models, described as consolidated or promising ‘social–ecological hope spots’, that show how engagement with IP&LC of various cultures may be the best hope for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, particularly when aligned with science and technology. In light of these five inspiring cases, we argue that conservation science and policies need to recognize that protecting and promoting both biological and cultural diversities can provide additional co-benefits and solutions to maintain ecosystems resilient in the face of global changes.

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Fig. 1: Variation of biocultural diversity across South America, with the locations of consolidated and promising social–ecological hope spots.

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Acknowledgements

C.L. thanks the Brazilian Federal Agency for Suport and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES, 88887.474572/2020-00), Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, 159440/2018-1 and 151231/2021-4) for post-doctoral fellowships, CAPES for the CAPES Thesis Award 2019, and Brazil LAB (Luso-Afro-Brazilian Studies) at the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies of Princeton University for supporting her research. B.M.F. is supported by the Instituto Serrapilheira (Serra‐1709‐18983). C.R.C. thanks CNPq (303477/2018-0) for a research fellowship, N.P. thanks CNPq (310443/2015-6) for a research fellowship. M.C.G.P. thanks CAPES via the Amazon Face Program (INPA/CAPES 88881.154644/2017-01 and 88887.373727/2019-00). Materials pertaining to the Xingu hope spot were supported by NSF (BCS 0004487, 053129, 1660459), the William Talbott Hillman Foundation, the Pennywise Foundation and the Puente Institute.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

    Carolina Levis, Bernardo M. Flores & Nivaldo Peroni

  2. Affiliated scholar, Brazil LAB, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Carolina Levis

  3. Instituto Juruá, Manaus, Brazil

    João Vitor Campos-Silva

  4. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil

    João Vitor Campos-Silva & Charles R. Clement

  5. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

    João Vitor Campos-Silva & Maíra C. G. Padgurschi

  6. Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Arie Staal

  7. Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas aplicadas à Agricultura, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil

    Maíra C. G. Padgurschi

  8. Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Wetherbee Dorshow

  9. Earth Analytic, Puente Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA

    Wetherbee Dorshow & Bruno Moraes

  10. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil

    Bruno Moraes & Helena Lima

  11. Laboratório de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Arqueologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

    Morgan Schmidt

  12. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Morgan Schmidt & Michael Heckenberger

  13. Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Morgan Schmidt

  14. Associação Indígena Kuikuro do Alto Xingu, Aldeia Ipatse, Território Indígena do Alto Xingu, Canarana and Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil

    Taku Wate Kuikuro, Huke Kuikuro, Kumessi Wauja, Kalutata Kuikuro & Afukaka Kuikuro

  15. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Carlos Fausto & Bruna Franchetto

  16. Visiting Research Scholar, Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, Brazil LAB, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Carlos Fausto

  17. Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Jennifer Watling

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Contributions

C.L., B.M.F. and C.R.C. conceived the study. C.L., B.M.F., C.R.C. and N.P. conducted the literature review. J.V.C.-S. and C.L. were responsible for all promising case studies and M.H., W.D., H.L., C.F., B.F., J.W., B.M., M.S., T.W.K., H.K., K.W., K.K. and A.K. were responsible for the Xingu hope spot. C.L., B.M.F., C.R.C., N.P., J.V.C.-S., A.S., M.C.G.P., M.H., W.D., H.L., C.F., B.F., J.W., B.M., M.S., T.W.K., H.K., K.W., K.K. and A.K. interpreted the full literature review. C.L. led the writing of the article, and B.M.F., C.R.C., N.P., J.V.C.-S., A.S., M.C.G.P., M.H., H.L., J.W. and C.F. substantially revised it. All authors agreed to this version for submission.

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Correspondence to Carolina Levis.

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Nature Ecology & Evolution thanks Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Xingu Hope Spot in the Southern Transitional Forest of Brazilian Amazonia.

(a) ArcGIS maps including the TIX and surroundings, archaeological sites and features and modern villages. (b) Pre-Columbian complex systems of land management and urbanized landscapes in the TIX. (c) Kuikuru modern village. (d) Indigenous participation in mapping and real-time data collection. Image credits: AIKAX123.

Extended Data Fig. 2 Collaborative management of giant arapaima fish in Amazonian floodplains.

(a) Co-management of arapaima habitats. (b) Harvesting arapaima fishes according to local needs. (c) Improving welfare and gender equality. Photos credits: Marcos Amend/Instituto Juruá and Andre Dib/Insituto Juruá.

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Levis, C., Flores, B.M., Campos-Silva, J.V. et al. Contributions of human cultures to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Nat Ecol Evol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02356-1

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