Abstract
Extreme weather events (EWEs; for example, heatwaves, cold spells, storms, floods and droughts) and non-native species invasions are two major threats to global biodiversity and are increasing in both frequency and consequences. Here we synthesize 443 studies and apply multilevel mixed-effects metaregression analyses to compare the responses of 187 non-native and 1,852 native animal species across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems to different types of EWE. Our results show that marine animals, regardless of whether they are non-native or native, are overall insensitive to EWEs, except for negative effects of heatwaves on native mollusks, corals and anemone. By contrast, terrestrial and freshwater non-native animals are only adversely affected by heatwaves and storms, respectively, whereas native animals negatively respond to heatwaves, cold spells and droughts in terrestrial ecosystems and are vulnerable to most EWEs except cold spells in freshwater ecosystems. On average, non-native animals displayed low abundance in terrestrial ecosystems, and decreased body condition and life history traits in freshwater ecosystems, whereas native animals displayed declines in body condition, life history traits, abundance, distribution and recovery in terrestrial ecosystems, and community structure in freshwater ecosystems. By identifying areas with high overlap between EWEs and EWE-tolerant non-native species, we also provide locations where native biodiversity might be adversely affected by their joint effects and where EWEs might facilitate the establishment and/or spread of non-native species under continuing global change.
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Data availability
All data have been deposited in a public structured data depository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23587695). Source data are provided with this paper.
Code availability
The R code for running the main analyses is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.23587695.
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Acknowledgements
X.L. was supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program (2022xjkk0800 and 2021xjkk0600), the National Science Foundation of China (32171657), grants from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y201920) and grants from the High Quality Economic and Social Development in Southern Xinjiang (NFS2101). J.R.R. was supported by funding provided by the US National Science Foundation (EEID-1518681, DEB-2017785) and the US Department of Agriculture (NRI 2009-35102-0543).
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X.L. conceived the project. X.L., S.G. and J.R.R. designed the study. X.L. supervised the project. S.G., T.Q. and X.L. collected the data. S.G., T.Q. and X.L. performed data analyses. S.G. and X.L. wrote the manuscript draft and all authors contributed to manuscript revisions.
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Nature Ecology & Evolution thanks Tim Doherty and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
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Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figs. 1–5 and Tables 1–11.
Supplementary Data 1
Metadata and raw dataset for meta-analysis.
Supplementary Data 2
Non-native species list, links of the GBIF database for collecting species occurrence records and a literature list for reporting additional records.
Supplementary Data 3
Non-native species list and native range or introduced regions of the non-native species.
Supplementary Data 4
Clearly labelled unprocessed Fig. 5a–e, produced from ArcGIS Pro software.
Source data
Source Data Fig. 1
Source data for all panels.
Source Data Fig. 2
Source data for Fig. 2a–c scatterplots with error bars, and for Fig. 2a–c barplots.
Source Data Fig. 3
Source data for Fig. 3a–c, and statistical source data.
Source Data Fig. 4
Source data for Fig. 4a–c, and statistical source data.
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Gu, S., Qi, T., Rohr, J.R. et al. Meta-analysis reveals less sensitivity of non-native animals than natives to extreme weather worldwide. Nat Ecol Evol 7, 2004–2027 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02235-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02235-1
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