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Bridging landscape ecology and urban science to respond to the rising threat of mosquito-borne diseases

Nature Ecology & Evolution volume 6, pages 1601–1616 (2022)Cite this article

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Abstract

The prevalence of diseases borne by mosquitoes, particularly in the genus Aedes, is rising worldwide. This has been attributed, in part, to the dramatic rates of contemporary urbanization. While Aedes-borne disease risk varies within and between cities, few investigations use urban science-based approaches to examine how city structure and function contribute to vector or pathogen introduction and maintenance. Here, we integrate theories from complex adaptive systems, landscape ecology and urban geography to develop an urban systems framework for understanding Aedes-borne diseases. The framework establishes that cities comprise hierarchically structured patches of different land uses and characteristics. Properties of the patches (that is, composition) determine localized disease risk, while configuration and connectivity drive emergent patterns of pathogen spread. Complexity is added by incorporating individual and collective human social structures, considering how feedbacks among social actors and with the landscape drive risk and transmission. We discuss how these concepts apply to case studies of Aedes-borne disease from around the world. Ultimately, the framework strengthens existing theoretical and mixed qualitative–quantitative approaches, and advances considerations of how interventions including urban planning (for example, piped water provisioning) and emerging vector control strategies (for example, Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes) can be implemented to prevent and control the rising threat of Aedes-borne diseases.

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Fig. 1: Interactive properties of the urban system determine Aedes-borne disease risk.
Fig. 2: Landscape composition, configuration and connectivity determine risk and transmission.

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Acknowledgements

This publication was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Geography and Spatial Sciences Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant and Cooperative Agreement Number U01CK000509-01, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely our responsibility and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services. Select graphics icons were designed using resources from Microsoft PowerPoint, Iconfinder.com and Flaticon.com. We are grateful to the multiple colleagues who contributed to the development of these ideas, including D. Ruiz Carrascal, J. Cascante Vega, M. Combs, M. del Pilar Fernandez, J. Schoen and M. VanAcker.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Karen C. Seto, Maria A. Diuk-Wasser.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Pallavi A. Kache & Maria A. Diuk-Wasser

  2. Grupo de Biología Matemática y Computacional, Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

    Mauricio Santos-Vega

  3. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

    Mauricio Santos-Vega

  4. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra

  5. Environmental Science Department, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA

    Elizabeth M. Cook

  6. Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Karen C. Seto

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  1. Pallavi A. Kache
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Contributions

P.A.K., M.S.-V. and M.A.D.-W. conceptualized the study. P.A.K. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. P.A.K., M.S.-V., A.M.S.-I., E.M.C., K.C.S. and M.A.D.-W. edited and revised the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication and agreed to be held accountable for the work performed.

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Correspondence to Maria A. Diuk-Wasser.

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Nature Ecology & Evolution thanks Shi Chen, Sophie Vanwambeke and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Kache, P.A., Santos-Vega, M., Stewart-Ibarra, A.M. et al. Bridging landscape ecology and urban science to respond to the rising threat of mosquito-borne diseases. Nat Ecol Evol 6, 1601–1616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01876-y

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