# Nanoplasmonic electron acceleration by attosecond-controlled forward rescattering in silver clusters

## Abstract

In the strong-field photoemission from atoms, molecules, and surfaces, the fastest electrons emerge from tunneling and subsequent field-driven recollision, followed by elastic backscattering. This rescattering picture is central to attosecond science and enables control of the electron’s trajectory via the sub-cycle evolution of the laser electric field. Here we reveal a so far unexplored route for waveform-controlled electron acceleration emerging from forward rescattering in resonant plasmonic systems. We studied plasmon-enhanced photoemission from silver clusters and found that the directional acceleration can be controlled up to high kinetic energy with the relative phase of a two-color laser field. Our analysis reveals that the cluster’s plasmonic near-field establishes a sub-cycle directional gate that enables the selective acceleration. The identified generic mechanism offers robust attosecond control of the electron acceleration at plasmonic nanostructures, opening perspectives for laser-based sources of attosecond electron pulses.

## Introduction

When a bound electron is liberated by a strong laser field, it may escape or return to the residual potential to recombine or rescatter. This field-driven recollision is at the heart of strong-field science1 and key to high-harmonic spectroscopy2,3, laser-induced electron diffraction4,5, and the generation of attosecond XUV pulses6. Moreover, the recollision concept provides a powerful framework for controlling the spectral7,8, directional9,10, and temporal properties11 of the laser-driven electrons.

In atomic photoemission, i.e., for emission from nearly point-like potentials, elastic backscattering forms the rescattering plateau in the electron energy spectra with the well-known 10 U p cutoff (with U p the ponderomotive energy)12, while forward rescattering only produces so-called low-energy structures13,14,15. These slow forward rescattered electrons enable electron holography through their interference with direct electrons16. Still, as for atoms and molecules, elastic backscattering also governs the near-field enhanced high-energy photoemission from the surface of nanotips, nanospheres, and plasmonic nanostructures17,18,19. For these extended systems, forward rescattering may even be quenched completely by electron scattering in the medium. As elastic backscattering dominates the fast electron emission from point-like targets and surfaces, similar protocols can be employed to achieve waveform control.

In a finite system like a cluster (Fig. 1a), however, forward rescattering is considered the major process for high-energy electron emission20,21. The underlying concept, being also the key trick in laser grating accelerators22, is that the electron’s travel distance per optical cycle can match the scale of the system’s static or induced potential. In consequence, optical waveform control of scale-matched forward rescattering should be possible and can be studied using clusters as model systems. The ramifications of such control would be of general interest for electron acceleration based on plasmonic nanostructures.

The ability of clusters to efficiently absorb intense laser light23 facilitates the formation of nanometer-sized plasmas that emit X-rays24, energetic25, and highly charged ions26, as well as fast electrons. The emerging deep cluster potential strongly confines plasma electrons and permits robust plasmonic resonance excitation after appropriate cluster expansion27. Besides high absorption, resonance excitation also triggers particularly energetic electron emission along the polarization axis that evidences field-driven acceleration28. According to theory, the acceleration proceeds in a single laser cycle during the electron’s final transit through the cluster, reflecting the above mentioned forward rescattering with matched scales. Both direct laser field-driven acceleration20 and acceleration by the cluster polarization field have been put forward to explain the enhanced energy gain21. In both cases, the forward rescattering process should be sensitive to the field evolution in the relevant laser cycle. An experimental demonstration of this dependence, however, was still lacking.

In the current study we observe the waveform-dependent electron emission from resonantly driven silver clusters. We find directional control with the phase of a bichromatic laser field, identify the underlying near-field mediated gating mechanism, and describe its implications for the control of attosecond electron pulses.

## Results

### Phase-dependent directional electron emission

In our experiment, silver clusters are first pre-excited by an intense near-infrared (NIR) pump pulse (Fig. 1a; Methods). The pump step alone yields only weak electron emission and low energies. It triggers cluster expansion, establishing a plasmonic resonance with the fundamental wave within about 1–2 ps. Subsequent waveform-controlled excitation was utilized with a delayed ω/2ω probe pulse (Methods), containing a dominant NIR fundamental and a weaker second harmonic component (γ2 = I2ω/I ω  ≈ 0.2). The sub-cycle waveform of the linearly polarized ω/2ω probe field $${{{{\cal E}}}_{{\rm{las}}}}\left( t \right) = {{\cal E}_0}{{\bf{e}}_{\rm{x}}}\left[ {{\rm{cos}}\left( {\omega t} \right) + \gamma \,{\rm{cos}}\left( {2\omega t + \varphi } \right)} \right]$$ is controlled with the relative phase φ. Direction-resolved energy spectra are recorded along the polarization axis with a stereo electron spectrometer (Methods). For resonant ω/2ω-probe excitation, we find strongly enhanced and highly phase-dependent directional acceleration, characterized by up–down emission asymmetries A(E,φ) up to ±0.7 (Fig. 1b–d). The retrieved asymmetry phase φ0(E) denotes the value of the relative phase φ with maximal upward emission and is spectrally nearly flat (Fig. 1d). The observed phase dependence evidences robust waveform control up to keV kinetic energies (here beyond 300 U p ), exceeding the energies found for ω/2ω excitation of Ar carrier gas (probe pulse only) by more than an order of magnitude (Fig. 1f). The atomic asymmetry features—bearing fascinating physics in itself29—remain clearly visible in the cluster spectra (Fig. 1e) and enable calibration of laser parameters and the phase axis through comparison with quantum simulations based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) (Fig. 1g, h).

### Simulation of the directional electron acceleration

The phase-controlled acceleration is analyzed with semiclassical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (Methods). Up to a small offset in the asymmetry phase (Fig. 1d) that is discussed below, the predicted electron energies and asymmetry features show good agreement with experiment (Fig. 1b–d), supporting that the directional acceleration process is well-captured. We note that the most energetic electrons in the experiment are expected to stem from the larger clusters in the size distribution. Simulations with various cluster sizes confirm this trend.

A representative MD run with relative phase φ = 0, where the asymmetry becomes most apparent, reveals the main physics (Fig. 2). For each emitted electron trajectory, the moment of escape is characterized by the transit time, ttrans, associated with the final transit through the cluster via x(ttrans) = 0. The most energetic electrons escape in a short period of resonant coupling in the trailing edge of the ω/2ω pulse (Fig. 2a), underlining the transient plasmonic resonance excitation. The strong resonant enhancement can be clearly assigned to the NIR contribution of the polarization field, while the second harmonic contribution follows the pulse envelope (cf. violet and blue curves in Fig. 2a). The attosecond bursts of fast electrons emitted in each half cycle at resonance are strongly correlated with the sub-cycle structure of the induced polarization field inside the cluster regarding emission time, direction, and energy (Fig. 2b). Note that the fundamental and second harmonic contributions of the polarization field have a nearly vanishing relative phase in the period of the high-energy emission, as discussed in more detail later. The evolution of the single-particle energy

$${E_{{\rm{sp}}}} = \frac{m}{2}{\left| {{{{{\dot {\bf r}}}}_i}} \right|^2} + V\left( {{{\bf{r}}_i}\left(t\right),t} \right)$$
(1)

for corresponding trajectories r i (t), where i is the particle index, reveals energy gains approaching 1 keV in a single fundamental laser cycle (Fig. 2c). Here V(r, t) is the potential created by all other charges. The associated single-particle energy gain rate

$${\dot E_{{\rm{sp}}}} = {q_i}{{{\dot {\bf{r}}}}_i}\left( t \right) \cdot {{{{\cal E}}}_{{\rm{las}}}} + \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}V\left( {{{\bf{r}}_i}\left( t \right),t} \right)$$
(2)

contains the direct gain from the laser field and the plasmonic contribution due to interaction with the dynamical polarization (Methods). A selective gain analysis reveals an essentially negligible net gain from the laser field for fast electrons (Fig. 2c), such that their asymmetric acceleration must stem from the plasmonic term.

### Sub-cycle gating of the acceleration process

The arrangement of fast trajectories in the spatiotemporal plasmonic gain map $$\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}V\left( {\bf r},{t} \right)$$ in Fig. 2d uncovers the underlying mechanism. Electrons emitted upward or downward undergo single-cycle forward rescattering and are clearly aligned to two pronounced high-gain regions (orange areas)—the first when entering and the second when exiting the cluster. The strong concentration of all trajectories near these high-gain points emphasises their role as a spatiotemporal gate for the acceleration process.

Key to explaining the up–down asymmetry are the different gate times τup and τdown. The gate times reflect the delay between the high-gain points associated with corresponding transits (Fig. 2d). The direction-dependent gate times directly reflect the two-color polarization induced by the bichromatic laser field. Most importantly, since shorter gate times support faster transits, the acceleration can be enhanced for one direction, here for upward electrons (red lines in Fig. 2). The fastest downward electrons (blue lines in Fig. 2d) pass the cluster too quickly and miss the second high-gain point.

### Universal two-color nanoaccelerator model

The universal nature of the phase-controlled acceleration and its implications for forming or modifying attosecond electron bunches is highlighted by a one-dimensional nanoaccelerator model. Therein, electrons are considered to cross a dynamically polarized sphere (Fig. 3a) with potential V(x, t) = Vpol(x)p(t). Here p(t) = P0[cos(ωt) + γpol cos(2ωt + φpol)] is the two-color dipole moment (Fig. 3b) with relative dipole phase φpol and relative amplitude γpol of the 2ω component and Vpol(x) is the static polarization potential. The laser field creating the polarization is neglected.

Similar to MD, the plasmonic gain rate map $$\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}V\left( {x,t} \right) = {V_{{\rm{pol}}}}\left( x \right)\dot p\left( t \right)$$ displays pronounced high-gain regions. Maxima are located at the sphere surface and occur at the peaks of the dipole velocity $$\dot p$$, yielding asymmetric gates for upward and downward trajectories (Fig. 3c). In the limit of small dipole amplitudes P0, the energy gain can be approximated using unperturbed drift trajectories x(t) = (t − ttrans)vd with drift velocity vd. Focussing on the timing, the energy gain is maximal for transits centered in the respective gate (Fig. 3d), see optimal trajectories in Fig. 3c. The positive (negative) first derivative of the energy gain for earlier (later) transits would induce a spectral upchirp (downchirp) of a passing ultrashort electron bunch, with a phase-dependent chirp profile. The maximal gain for upward electrons shows a robust phase dependence up to high drift velocities and peaks at relative dipole phase φpol = 0 for all electrons with vd ≥ vhct (Fig. 3e). Here vhct = 2/π is the half cycle transit velocity, which also defines the characteristic energy scaling of the forward acceleration process with cluster size and laser frequency EhctR2ω2. Manipulation of the gate times via the relative dipole phase thus establishes a systematic route to optically control the direction specific acceleration and chirp of attosecond electron pulses.

For comparison with experiment, relative laser and dipole phases, φ and φpol, have to be connected. A damped harmonic oscillator response with spectral phase lags Δφ ω and Δφ2ω yields φpol = 2Δφ ω  − Δφ2ω + φ. For resonance excitation by the fundamental and weak damping (Δφ ω  = π/2 and Δφ2ω = π) the laser and dipole relative phases are equal such that the requirement for maximal asymmetry, φpol = 0, is met for φ = 0. Deviations from this value in the experimental data and MD results (Fig. 1b, c) is ascribed to a modified phase lag, e.g., Δφ2ω < π, due to plasmon damping. Smaller shifts in MD are attributed to incomplete account of electron–ion collisions. Most importantly, the system-specific spectral phase lag plays a key role in the acceleration and may even be used as a control parameter in the multi-stage acceleration process in nanostructure arrays.

## Discussion

In summary, control of resonant plasmon-assisted forward rescattering via the waveform of a bichromatic laser field is observed for clusters and found to rely on a universal gating mechanism. The process is generic for finite systems and governed by the polarization field and thus effectively decoupled from the laser field. The waveform-controlled forward acceleration is expected to enable unprecedented spectral, temporal, and directional compression of sub-cycle electron bunches in optical accelerators, e.g., using cascaded hollow plasmonic structures as nano-resonators. This opens scientific and technological perspectives for low-cost high-quality sources of ultrashort electron pulses for applications in electron microscopy and spectroscopy22,30. The forward acceleration scheme further motivates new acceleration modes in thin foils. Waveform-controlled superintense pulses, as used for controlled high-harmonic generation31, could induce the strong longitudinal polarization to drive forward rescattering up to the relativistic regime.

## Methods

### Experimental setup

Silver clusters are generated by gas-mediated aggregation of silver vapor from magnetron sputtering32 and delivered to the interaction region as a narrow molecular beam using Ar as a carrier gas (Fig. 4). Aerodynamic lenses33 and a dual pumping stage are used to maintain sufficient target density and low pressure in the interaction region. The cluster beam is deflected with ion optics into a mass spectrometer for size characterization. The log-normal size distribution of the clusters peaks at 4 nm diameter, corresponding to a mean diameter of ca. 6 nm (N ≈ 7000) as confirmed by particle mass spectrometry34 and TEM analyses. The cluster beam has a diameter of 2 mm when entering the interaction region. The experiments are performed in the limit, where only a single cluster is excited in each laser shot. The stereo time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer contains two opposite, field-free and magnetically shielded 0.5 m drift tubes (Fig. 4b) and accepts electrons in a solid angle of 0.07 Sr for detection by a digitizer system (Acqiris DC271) operating in single-event counting mode.

NIR laser pulses (800 nm, 120 fs) from a 1 kHz laser system (Solstice, Spectra Physics) are split into pump and probe pulses using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (Fig. 4a). The 400 nm component in the probe arm is generated via second harmonic generation in a beta-barium-borate (BBO) crystal. After recombination, the relative phase of the two spectral components is adjusted with a rotatable birefringent plate. A wave plate (zero order for 800 nm) is used to rotate the polarizations such that all beams are polarized along the axes of the TOF spectrometer (Fig. 4b). The collinear pump-probe beam is focussed by a spherical mirror (f = 0.5 m) into the interaction region, where it intersects the molecular beam. The laser focus is placed 3.5 mm behind the molecular beam to reduce phase averaging due to the Gouy phase shift.

### MD simulation method

The waveform-dependent electron acceleration in the clusters is calculated by hybrid MD simulations that employ a microscopic classical treatment of the electron and ion dynamics in the laser-driven nanoplasma35. Atomic tunneling and electron impact ionization events are treated via effective rates. The classical propagation of plasma particles uses a regularized Coulomb interaction that is matched to atomic ionization energies and impedes classical electron–ion recombination below the atomic energy levels. The force evaluation in the gridless code is accelerated by exploiting massively parallel processing. Local field effects such as field enhancement and the depression of ionization potentials due to plasma screening are included in the evaluation of tunneling and electron impact ionization, respectively. Spherical silver clusters are initialized with fcc structure and a single active conduction electron. The conduction electrons were initialized with 3 eV kinetic energy, which roughly reflects the average valence electron kinetic energy in the bulk given by 3/5EF, where EF = 5.5 eV is the Fermi energy of silver. The simulations cover the full dynamics resulting from the excitation with pump and probe pulses. For the considered cluster sizes, the laser field can be described in dipole approximation. Electromagnetic effects are neglected. Within the resonant pump-probe excitation on average 8.2 additional electrons were removed from each atom, leading to a total inner ionization of qii = 9.2 per atom. The electron emission into the continuum almost exclusively takes place in the probe pulse, reaching a total outer ionization degree of qoi = 3.1 for the considered parameters.

### Selective energy gain analysis

Within the classical propagation, particle trajectories are integrated according to Newton’s equation of motion

$${m_i}{{{\ddot {\bf{r}}}}_i} = {q_i}{{{{\cal E}}}_{{\rm{las}}}}\left( t \right) - {\nabla _{{{\bf{r}}_i}}}V\left( {{{\bf{r}}_i},t} \right),$$
(3)

where m i and q i are the mass and charge of the respective plasma particle, $${\cal E_{{\rm{las}}}}\left( t \right)$$ is the laser field, and V(r i , t) is the instantaneous Coulomb potential created by all other charges at the position r i of the considered actual particle. Further, from Eq. (1) the rate of change of the single-particle energy follows as

$$\frac{{\rm{d}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}}{E_{{\rm{sp}}}} = {m_i}{{{\dot {\bf{r}}}}_i} \cdot {{{\ddot {\bf{r}}}}_i} + \left[ {{\nabla _{{{\bf{r}}_i}}}V\left( {{{\bf{r}}_i},t} \right)} \right] \cdot {{{\dot {\bf{r}}}}_i} + \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}V\left( {{{\bf{r}}_i},t} \right).$$
(4)

Inserting the equation of motion Eq. (3) in the first term on the right hand side of Eq. (4) immediately yields the splitting of single-particle energy change rate in Eq. (2) into the purely laser-driven component and the plasmonic component mediated by the dynamical evolution of the system’s space-charge and polarization field.

### Data availability

All measured data used in this study as well as the custom parts of the simulation code are available on request from the corresponding authors.

## Change history

• ### 07 February 2018

The original PDF version of this Article contained an error in Equation 1. The original HTML version of this Article contained errors in Equation 2 and Equation 4. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and the HTML versions of the Article.

## References

1. 1.

Corkum, P. B. Plasma perspective on strong-field multiphoton ionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994 (1993).

2. 2.

Smirnova, O. et al. High harmonic interferometry of multi-electron dynamics in molecules. Nature 460, 972–977 (2009).

3. 3.

Kraus, P. M. et al. Measurement and laser control of attosecond charge migration in ionized iodoacetylene. Science 350, 790–795 (2015).

4. 4.

Meckel, M. et al. Laser-induced electron tunneling and diffraction. Science 320, 1478–1482 (2008).

5. 5.

Wolter, B. et al. Ultrafast electron diffraction imaging of bond breaking in di-ionized acetylene. Science 354, 308–312 (2016).

6. 6.

Sansone, G. et al. Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses. Science 314, 443–446 (2006).

7. 7.

Baltuska, A. et al. Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields. Nature 421, 611–615 (2003).

8. 8.

Krüger, M., Schenk, M. & Hommelhoff, P. Attosecond control of electrons emitted from a nanoscale metal tip. Nature 475, 78–81 (2011).

9. 9.

Paulus, G. G. et al. Measurement of the phase of few-cycle laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 253004 (2003).

10. 10.

Süssmann, F. et al. Field propagation-induced directionality of carrier-envelope phase-controlled photoemission from nanospheres. Nat. Commun. 6, 7944 (2015).

11. 11.

Shafir, D. et al. Resolving the time when an electron exits a tunnelling barrier. Nature 485, 343–346 (2012).

12. 12.

Paulus, G. G., Nicklich, W., Xu, H., Lambropoulos, P. & Walther, H. Plateau in above threshold ionization spectra. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2851–2854 (1994).

13. 13.

Blaga, C. I. et al. Strong-field photoionization revisited. Nat. Phys. 5, 335–338 (2008).

14. 14.

Faisal, F. H. M. Strong-field physics - ionization surprise. Nat. Phys. 5, 319–320 (2009).

15. 15.

Wolter, B. et al. Strong-field physics with Mid-IR fields. Phys. Rev. X 5, 021034 (2015).

16. 16.

Huismans, Y. et al. Time-resolved holography with photoelectrons. Science 331, 61–64 (2011).

17. 17.

Zherebtsov, S. et al. Controlled near-field enhanced electron acceleration from dielectric nanospheres with intense few-cycle laser fields. Nat. Phys. 7, 656–662 (2011).

18. 18.

Herink, G., Solli, D. R., Gulde, M. & Ropers, C. Field-driven photoemission from nanostructures quenches the quiver motion. Nature 483, 190–193 (2012).

19. 19.

Dombi, P. et al. Ultrafast strong-field photoemission from plasmonic nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 13, 674–678 (2013).

20. 20.

Saalmann, U. & Rost, J. M. Rescattering for extended atomic systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 133006 (2008).

21. 21.

Fennel, T. et al. Plasmon-enhanced electron acceleration in intense laser metal-cluster interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 143401 (2007).

22. 22.

Peralta, E. A. et al. Demonstration of electron acceleration in a laser-driven dielectric microstructure. Nature 503, 91–94 (2013).

23. 23.

Ditmire, T., Smith, R. A., Tisch, J. W. G. & Hutchinson, M. H. R. High intensity laser absorption by gases of atomic clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3121–3124 (1997).

24. 24.

McPherson, A., Thompson, B., Borisov, A., Boyer, K. & Rhodes, C. Multiphoton-induced X-ray emission at 4-5 keV from Xe atoms with multiple core vacancies. Nature 370, 631–634 (1994).

25. 25.

Lezius, M., Dobosz, S., Normand, D. & Schmidt, M. Explosion dynamics of rare gas clusters in strong laser fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 261–264 (1998).

26. 26.

Snyder, E. M., Buzza, S. A. & Castleman, A. W. Jr. Intense field-matter interactions: multiple ionization of clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3347–3350 (1996).

27. 27.

Passig, J. et al. Nanoplasmonic electron acceleration in silver clusters studied by angular-resolved electron spectroscopy. New J. Phys. 14, 085020 (2012).

28. 28.

Kumarappan, V., Krishnamurthy, M. & Mathur, D. Asymmetric emission of high-energy electrons in the two-dimensional hydrodynamic expansion of large xenon clusters irradiated by intense laser fields. Phys. Rev. A 67, 043204 (2003).

29. 29.

Xie, X. et al. Probing the influence of the Coulomb field on atomic ionization by sculpted two-color laser fields. New J. Phys. 15, 043050 (2013).

30. 30.

Kealhofer, C. et al. All-optical control and metrology of electron pulses. Science 352, 429–433 (2016).

31. 31.

Yeung, M. et al. Experimental observation of attosecond control over relativistic electron bunches with two-colour fields. Nat. Photon. 11, 32–35 (2017).

32. 32.

Haberland, H. et al. Filling of micron-sized contact holes with copper by energetic cluster impact. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 12, 2925–2930 (1994).

33. 33.

Passig, J., Meiwes-Broer, K. H. & Tiggesbaumker, J. Collimation of metal nanoparticle beams using aerodynamic lenses. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 093304 (2006).

34. 34.

Methling, R.-P. et al. Magnetic studies on mass-selected iron particles. Eur. Phys. J. D 16, 173 (2001).

35. 35.

Fennel, T., Ramunno, L. & Brabec, T. Highly charged ions from laser-cluster interactions: local-field-enhanced impact ionization and frustrated electron-ion recombination. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 233401 (2007).

## Acknowledgements

We acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via SFB 652, SPP 1840, and a Heisenberg Fellowship (FE 1120/4). S.Z. and M.F.K. acknowledge support from the EU via the ERC grant ATTOCO (307203) and from the DFG via the excellence cluster “Munich Centre for Advanced Photonics”. Computer time has been provided by the North German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN) within project mvp00010.

## Author information

Authors

### Contributions

J.P., J.T., K.-H.M.-B., M.F.K., and T.F. conceived the experiment. J.P., R.I., S.Z., S.G., S.S., and T.F. performed the measurements. T.F. and C.P. developed the MD simulations and performed the theoretical analysis. M.A. performed TDSE calculations. J.P., M.F.K., J.T., K.-H.M.-B., C.P., and T.F. evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted the results. T.F. wrote the manuscript with the input from all authors.

### Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Josef Tiggesbäumker or Matthias F. Kling or Thomas Fennel.

## Ethics declarations

### Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Passig, J., Zherebtsov, S., Irsig, R. et al. Nanoplasmonic electron acceleration by attosecond-controlled forward rescattering in silver clusters. Nat Commun 8, 1181 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01286-w

• Accepted:

• Published:

• ### Extreme nonlinear strong-field photoemission from carbon nanotubes

• Chi Li
• , Ke Chen
• , Mengxue Guan
• , Xiaowei Wang
• , Xu Zhou
• , Feng Zhai
• , Jiayu Dai
• , Zhenjun Li
• , Zhipei Sun
• , Sheng Meng
• , Kaihui Liu
•  & Qing Dai

Nature Communications (2019)

• ### Interferometric time- and energy-resolved photoemission electron microscopy for few-femtosecond nanoplasmonic dynamics

• Alexander Gliserin
• , Soo Hoon Chew
• , Sungho Choi
• , Kyoungmin Kim
• , Daniel T. Hallinan
• , Jin-Woo Oh
• , Seungchul Kim
•  & Dong Eon Kim

Review of Scientific Instruments (2019)

• ### Plasma channel formation in NIR laser-irradiated carrier gas from an aerosol nanoparticle injector

• Eva Klimešová
• , Olena Kulyk
• , Yanjun Gu
• , Laura Dittrich
• , Georg Korn
• , Janos Hajdu
• , Maria Krikunova
•  & Jakob Andreasson

Scientific Reports (2019)

• ### Size-dependent ion emission asymmetry of free NaCl nanoparticles excited by intense femtosecond laser pulses

• E. Antonsson
• , F. Gerke
• , L. Merkel
• , I. Halfpap
• , B. Langer
•  & E. Rühl

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2019)

• ### All-optical spatio-temporal control of electron emission from SiO2 nanospheres with femtosecond two-color laser fields

• Qingcao Liu
• , Sergey Zherebtsov
• , Lennart Seiffert
• , Slawomir Skruszewicz
• , Dominik Zietlow
• , Seongjin Ahn
• , Philipp Rupp
• , Pawel Wnuk
• , Shaohua Sun
• , Alexander Kessel
• , Sergei Trushin
• , Annika Schlander
• , Dongeon Kim
• , Eckart Rühl
• , Marcelo F Ciappina
• , Josef Tiggesbäumker
• , Markus Gallei
• , Thomas Fennel
•  & Matthias F Kling

New Journal of Physics (2019)