Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Trends in emerging vector-borne viral infections and their outcome in children over two decades

Pediatric Research volume 95, pages 464–479 (2024)Cite this article

Abstract

This review utilizes quatitative methods and bibliometric data to analyse the trends of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases, with a focus on their impact on pediatric population. To conduct this analysis, a systematic search of PubMed articles from the past two decades was performed, specifically looking at 26 different vector-borne viruses listed in WHO and CDC list of vector-borne viruses. The review found that diseases like Dengue, Zika, West Nile, and Chikungunya were frequently discussed in the literature. On the other hand, diseases such as Tick-borne encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Sindbis fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ross River virus, and Eastern equine encephalitis showed an upward trend in publications, indicating potential resurgence. In addition to discussing trends and patterns, the review delves into the clinical manifestations and long-term effects of the top 10 viruses in children. It highlights various factors including deforestation, urbanization, global travel, and immunosuppression that contribute to disease emergence and resurgence. To effectively combat these vector-borne diseases, continuous surveillance is crucial. The review also emphasizes the importance of increased vaccination efforts and targeted research to address the health challenges they pose.

Impact

  • This review employs quantitative analysis of publications to elucidate trends in emerging pediatric vector-borne viral diseases over two decades.

  • Dengue, the most prevalent of these diseases, has spread to new regions. New strains of Japanese Encephalitis have caused outbreaks. Resurgence of Tick-borne Encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow Fever due to vaccine hesitancy has also transpired.

  • Continuous global surveillance, increased vaccination, and research into novel therapeutics are imperative to combat the substantial morbidity and mortality burden these diseases pose for children worldwide

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Schematic approach to selection of publication.
Fig. 2: Frequently published scientific articles and their global illustration.
Fig. 3: illustration of the global distribution of the selected diseases.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. McArthur, D. B. Emerging infectious diseases. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 54, 297–311 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang, W. H., Thitithanyanont, A., Urbina, A. N. & Wang, S. F. Emerging and re-emerging diseases. Pathogens 10, 827 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. World Health Organization. Vector borne diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases (2020).

  4. A-Z Index of Division of Vector-Borne Disease Topics.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/a-z-index.html (2023).

  5. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ (2023).

  6. Ricardo-Rivera, S. M. et al. Mapping Dengue in children in a Colombian Caribbean Region: clinical and epidemiological analysis of more than 3500 cases. Le. Infez. Med. 30, 602 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lovera, D. et al. Clinical manifestations of primary and secondary dengue in Paraguay and its relation to virus serotype. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 13, 1127–1134 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Burattini, M. N. et al. Age and regional differences in clinical presentation and risk of hospitalization for dengue in Brazil, 2000-2014. Clinics 71, 455–463 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Hause, A. M. et al. Epidemiology of dengue among children aged < 18 months-Puerto Rico, 1999-2011. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94, 404–408 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Torres, J. R., Echezuría, L., Fernández, M. & Rísquez, A. Epidemiology and disease burden of pediatric dengue in Venezuela. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 4, 288–289 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ferreira, R. A. X. et al. Predictive factors of dengue severity in hospitalized children and adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 51, 753–760 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lue, A. M. et al. Severity and outcomes of Dengue in hospitalized Jamaican children in 2018–2019 during an epidemic surge in the Americas. Front. Med. 9, 1–12 (2022).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mena Lora, A. J. et al. Disease severity and mortality caused by dengue in a Dominican pediatric population. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90, 169–172 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Kumar, A., Hilaire, M. G. S., Clarke-Greenidge, N. & Nielsen, A. L. Epidemiological trend and clinical observations among children and adults with dengue in Barbados. West Indian Med. J. 64, 37–42 (2015).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Nguyen, T. M. et al. Epidemiological characteristics of dengue among Vietnamese children in the 2017 dengue outbreak. Syst. Rev. Pharm. 11, 113–118 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bodinayake, C. K. et al. Outcomes among children and adults at risk of severe dengue in Sri Lanka: opportunity for outpatient case management in countries with high disease burden. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 15, e0010091 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Armenda, S., Rusmawatiningtyas, D., Makrufardi, F. & Arguni, E. Factors associated with clinical outcomes of pediatric dengue shock syndrome admitted to pediatric intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study. Ann. Med. Surg. 66, 102472 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Senavong, P. et al. Factors associated with severe dengue in Savannakhet Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Nagoya J. Med. Sci. 83, 749–763 (2021).

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Chang, C. J., Chen, C. S., Tien, C. J. & Lu, M. R. Epidemiological, clinical, and climatic characteristics of dengue fever in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan with implication for prevention and control. PLoS One 13, 1–15 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Dash, N., Aby, R., Kumar, M., Abraham, A. M. & Rose, W. Infant dengue a 10-year experience from a tertiary center in South India. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 105, 435–439 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Murhekar, M. et al. Epidemiology of dengue fever in India, based on laboratory surveillance data, 2014–2017. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 84, S10–S14 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gunasekaran, P. et al. Dengue disease status in Chennai (2006–2008): a retrospective analysis. Indian J. Med. Res. 133, 322–325 (2011).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Ghouth, A. S. B., Amarasinghe, A. & Letson, G. W. Dengue outbreak in Hadramout, Yemen, 2010: an epidemiological perspective. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86, 1072–1076 (2012).

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Lim, J. K. et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue fever in Mombasa, Kenya. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 100, 207–215 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Emeribe, A. U. et al. Dengue virus is hyperendemic in Nigeria from 2009 to 2020: a contemporary systematic review. Infect. Chemother. 53, 284–299, https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.0142 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Craig, A. T. et al. Islands, Enhanced surveillance during a public health emergency in a resource-limited setting: experience from a large dengue outbreak in Solomon Islands 2016-17. PLoS One 13, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198487 (2018).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sayfullin, M. A. et al. Characteristics of imported cases of Dengue fever and hemorrhagic Dengue fever in 2009-2019. Vopr. Virusol. 67, 322–330 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Taurel, A. F. et al. Age distribution of dengue cases in southern Vietnam from 2000 to 2015. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 17, e0011137 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Mekangkul, E., Siripen, N. & Rianthavorn, P. Prevalence and risk factors of acute kidney injury in hospitalized children with dengue infection using kidney disease improving global outcomes criteria. Indian J. Pediatr. 90, 525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-023-04524-w (2023).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dogra, S., Kumar, K., Malhotra, S., Jerath, N. & Sibal, A. Acute liver failure in dengue: a common but overlooked entity in pediatric patients in tropical countries. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1, 149–153 (2023).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kaagaard, M. D. et al. Frequency of pleural effusion in dengue patients by severity, age and imaging modality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 23, 327 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. SantosV et al. Dengue myocarditis in children: a case series. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 22, 185–185 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Sil, A. et al. Neurological manifestations in children with dengue fever: an Indian perspective. Trop. Doct 47, 145–149 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kamel, M. G. et al. Post-dengue acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a case report and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 30, e0005715 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Restrepo Arias, V. C., Salgado García, D. M., Merchán-Galvis, A. M. & Narváez, C. F. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children with severe dengue during the 2019-2020 outbreak in Southern Colombia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 42, e204–e211 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Pham, T. H., Nguyen, P. N. & Ho, Q. N. Perinatal transmission of dengue infection among dengue hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Southern Vietnam: the first case managed at Tu Du hospital and review of literature. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 14, 155–160 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Maroun, S. L. et al. Case report: vertical dengue infection. J. Pediatr. (Rio J.). 2008 84, 556–559, https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.1826 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tan, L. et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics of the 12 cases of neonatal dengue fever in Guangzhou in 2014 and literatures review. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 53, 943–947 (2015).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nguyen, T. M. et al. Clinical features and outcomes of neonatal dengue at the Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. J. Clin. Virol. 138, 104758 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Read, J. S. et al. Symptomatic Zika virus infection in infants, children, and adolescents living in Puerto Rico. JAMA Pediatr. 172, 686–693 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Tolosa, N. et al. Zika virus disease in children in Colombia, August 2015 to May 2016. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 31, 537–545 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wongsawat, J. et al. Zika virus disease comparing children and adults in a dengue-endemic setting. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 104, 557 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ryan, S. J. et al. Zika virus outbreak, Barbados, 2015-2016. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98, 1857–1859 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Lindsey, N. P. et al. Postnatally acquired Zika virus disease among children, United States, 2016-2017. Clin. Infect. Dis. 70, 227–231 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Griffin, I. et al. Epidemiology of pediatric Zika virus infections. Pediatrics 140, e20172044 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Goodman, A. B. et al. Characteristics of Children Aged <18 years with Zika virus disease Acquired Postnatally -U.S. States, January 2015–July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65, 1082–1085 (2016)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Raquel, Burger-Calderon et al. Age-dependent manifestations and case definitions of pediatric Zika: a prospective cohort study. Physiol. Behav. 176, 100–106 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Karwowski, M. P. et al. Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers. Pediatrics. 137, e20160621 (2016).

  49. Benavides-Lara, A. et al. Zika virus-associated birth defects, Costa Rica, 2016-2018. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 360–371 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Medina, M. T. & Medina-Montoya, M. New spectrum of the neurologic consequences of Zika. J. Neurol. Sci. 383, 214–215 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Landais, A. et al. ZIKA vasculitis: a new cause of stroke in children? J. Neurol. Sci. 383, 211–213 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. de Vasconcelos, R. A. L. et al. Cryptorchidism in children with Zika-related microcephaly. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 102, 982–984 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Costa Monteiro, L. M. et al. Neurogenic bladder findings in patients with Congenital Zika Syndrome: anovel condition. PloS One 13, e0193514 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Slavov, S. et al. Zika virus infection in a pediatric patient with acute gastrointestinal involvement. Pediatr. Rep. 9, 7–9 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Leal, M. C. et al. The prevalence of adenoid hypertrophy among children with Zika related microcephaly. Viruses 5, 62, https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010062 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. E, M. et al. Surveillance for West Nile virus disease—United States, 2009-2018. Mmwr. Surveill. Summ. 70, 1–15 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Gaensbauer, J. T. et al. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 134, e642–e650 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nolan, M. S. et al. West Nile virus infection among humans, Texas, USA, 2002–2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 19, 137–9 (2013).

  59. SM, B., MA, F., Miller, T. & TS, L. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in the highly epidemic state of North Dakota, 2002-2007. Public Health Rep. 125, 246–249 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Lindsey, N. P., Hayes, E. B., Staples, J. E. & Fischer, M. West Nile virus disease in children, United States, 1999-2007. Pediatrics 123, e1084–e1089 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Solgi, A., Karimi, A. & Armin, S. Seropositivity of Chikungunya and West Nile Viruses in Iranian Children in 2018. Arch. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 8, e94416, https://doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect.94416 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Tandel, K. et al. Emergence of human West Nile Virus infection among pediatric population in Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Med. Virol. 91, 493–497 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Cao, L. et al. Detection of West Nile virus infection in viral encephalitis cases, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 19, 45–50, https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2018.2275 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kuli-Lito, G. et al. West Nile meningoencephalitis in children G. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 1C 2, e157 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Klein, C. et al. Neurological features of West Nile Virus infection during the 2000 outbreak in a regional hospital in Israel. J. Neurol. Sci. 200, 63–66 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hercik, C. et al. A diagnostic and epidemiologic investigation of acute febrile illness (AFI) in Kilombero, Tanzania. PLoS One 29, e0189712, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189712 (2017).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Vu, D. M. et al. Dengue and West Nile virus transmission in children and adults in coastal Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96, 141–143 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Thomas-Bachli, A. L. et al. The influence of sociodemographic factors on the engagement of citizens in the detection of dead corvids during the emergence of West Nile virus in Ontario, Canada. Front. Vet. Sci. 6, 483 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Savasta, S. et al. West-Nile virus encephalitis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient: successful recovery. Ital. J. Pediatr. 20, 140, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0574-x (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Farnaes, L. et al. Encephalitis and Thalamic injury from neuroinvasive West Nile virus in children on treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr. Neurol. 80, 84–87 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Vidwan, G. et al. West Nile virus encephalitis in a child with left-side weakness. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15, e91–e94, https://doi.org/10.1086/377263 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Moon, T. D. et al. Balance and gait abnormalities of a child with West Nile virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24, 568–570 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Sudeep, A. B. & Parashar, D. Chikungunya: an overview. J. Biosci. 33, 443–449 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gomes, P. D. et al. High prevalence of arthralgia among infants with Chikungunya disease during the 2019 outbreak in northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Front Pediatr. 10, 944818 (2022).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Beserra, F. L. C. N. et al. Clinical and laboratory profiles of children with severe chikungunya infection. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 52, e20180232 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Samra, J. A. et al. Clinical features and neurologic complications of children hospitalized with chikungunya virus in Honduras. J. Child Neurol. 32, 712–716 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ball, J. D. et al. Clinical and epidemiologic patterns of chikungunya virus infection and coincident arboviral disease in a school cohort in Haiti, 2014-2015. Clin. Infect. Dis. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 68, 919–926 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Gavotto, A. et al. Chikungunya disease among infants in French West Indies during the 2014 outbreak. Arch. Pediatr. 26, 259–262 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dorléans, F. et al. Outbreak of chikungunya in the French Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe: findings from a hospital-based surveillance system (2013-2015). Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 98, 1819–1825 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Kumar, A., Best, C. & Benskin, G. Epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features and course of chikungunya among a cohort of children during the first Caribbean epidemic. J. Trop. Pediatr. 63, 43–49 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gomez, V. et al. Chikungunya Fever in a Pediatric Population in the Dominican Republic. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 3, No. suppl_1, p. 598 (Oxford University Press, 2016)

  82. Van Genderen, F. T. et al. First chikungunya outbreak in Suriname; clinical and epidemiological features. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004625 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Christie, C. D. C. et al. Chikungunya in Jamaica—public health effects and clinical features in children. West Indian Med. J. 65, 431–437 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Rachmat, A. et al. Clinical and epidemiologic evaluation of a 2020 Chikungunya outbreak in Cambodia. BMC Infect. Dis. 22, 94.9 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Imad, H. A. et al. Clinical features of acute chikungunya virus infection in children and adults during an outbreak in the Maldives. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 105, 946–954 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Anwar, S. et al. Chikungunya outbreak in Bangladesh (2017): clinical and hematological findings. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 14, e0007466 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Sharma, P. K. et al. Severe manifestations of chikungunya fever in children, India, 2016. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 1737–1739 (2018).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Raghavendhar, B. S. et al. Evaluation of chikungunya virus infection in children from India during 2009-2010: a cross sectional observational study. J. Med. Virol. 88, 923–930 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nyamwaya, D. K. et al. Endemic chikungunya fever in Kenyan children: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect. Dis. 21, 186 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Pellot, A. S. et al. [Severe forms of chikungunya virus infection in a pediatric intensive care unit on Reunion Island]. Med Trop. (Mars) 72, 88–93 (2012).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ramful, D. et al. Mother-to-child transmission of Chikungunya virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26, 811–815 (2007).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Le Bomin, A., Hebert, J. C., Marty, P. & Delaunay, P. Chikungunya confirmé chez l’enfant à Mayotte a propos de 50 cas hospitalises, Février-Juin 2006 [Confirmed chikungunya in children in Mayotte. Description of 50 patients hospitalized from February to June 2006]. Med Trop. (Mars). 68, 491–495 (2008).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Langsjoen, R. M. et al. Molecular virologic and clinical characteristics of a chikungunya fever outbreak in La Romana, Dominican Republic, 2014. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0005189 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Robillard, P. Y. et al. Transmission verticale materno-foetale du virus chikungunya. Dix cas observés sur l'île de la Réunion chez 84 femmes enceintes [Vertical maternal fetal transmission of the chikungunya virus. Ten cases among 84 pregnant women]. Presse Med. 35, 785–788 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Renault, P. et al. A major epidemic of chikungunya virus infection on Réunion Island, France, 2005-2006. Am. J. Trop. Med Hyg. 77, 727–731 (2007).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Vasani, R. et al. Congenital chikungunya-A cause of neonatal hyperpigmentation. Pediatr. Dermatol. 33, 209–212 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Chandorkar, N., Raj, D., Kumar, R. & Warsi, S. Fever, marked tachycardia and vesiculobullous rash in an infant with Chikungunya fever. BMJ Case Rep. 23, bcr2016218687 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Banik, S., Ankur, K., Chetry, S. & Prasad, A. Neonatal Chikungunya presented as Apnea. J. Neonatal 35, 189–191 (2021).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Villamil-gómez, W. et al. Congenital chikungunya virus infection in Sincelejo, Colombia: a case series. J. Trop. Pediatr. 61, 386–392 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Nigam, A., Sharma, S., Jain, A., Gupta, A. & Prakash, A. Vertical transmission of chikungunya manifesting as Foetal pericardial effusion. J. Assoc. Physicians India 64, 76–79 (2016).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ramos, R. et al. Perinatal Chikungunya virus-associated encephalitis leading to postnatal-onset microcephaly and optic atrophy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 37, 94–95 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Menon, P. R., Krishnan, C., Sankar, J., Gopinathan, K. M. & Mohan, G. A child with serious Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection requiring intensive care, after an outbreak. Indian J. Pediatr. 77, 1326–1328 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kasundra, G. M. et al. Neurological involvement in chikungunya: New Delhi 2016 outbreak. Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol. 20, S16 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Das, S., Sarkar, N., Majumder, J., Chatterjee, K. & Aich, B. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in a child with chikungunya virus infection. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 9, 37–41 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  105. Prabhu, P. Acquired auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder after an attack of chikungunya: case study. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 273, 257–261 (2016).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Holla, V. V., Gohel, A. B., Kartik, N. & Netravathi, M. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy as a complication of chikungunya. Infect. Neurol. India 69, 490–492 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. van Ewijk, R. et al. Neurologic sequelae of severe chikungunya infection in the first 6 months of life: a prospective cohort study 24-months post-infection. BMC Infect. Dis. 21, 179 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Riyaz, N. et al. Cutaneous manifestations of chikungunya during a recent epidemic in Calicut, north Kerala, south India. Indian J. Dermatol Venereol. Leprol. 76, 671–676 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Garg, T., Sanke, S., Ahmed, R., Chander, R. & Basu, S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis-like cutaneous presentation of chikungunya fever: a case series. Pediatr. Dermatol. 35, 392–396 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. MacDonald-Ottevanger, M. S., Gravenberch-Ramnandanlall, C. I. & Zijlmans, C. W. [Chikungunya in children]. Ned. Tijdschr Geneeskd. 159, A8403 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  111. Lee, Y. S., Quek, S. C., Koay, E. S. & Tang, J. W. Chikungunya mimicking atypical Kawasaki disease in an infant. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 29, 275–277 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Gianchecchi, E., Cianchi, V., Torelli, A. & Montomoli, E. Yellow fever: origin, epidemiology, preventive strategies and future prospects. Vaccines 10, 1–16 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Nomhwange, T. et al. The resurgence of yellow fever outbreaks in Nigeria: a 2-year review 2017–2019. BMC Infect Dis. 21, 1054 (2021).

  114. Inziani, M. et al. Seroprevalence of yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and chikungunya viruses in children in Teso South Sub-County, Western Kenya. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 91, 104–110 (2020).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Lilay, A. et al. Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: epidemiological and entomological investigations. BMC Infect. Dis. 17, 343 (2017).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Wang, R. et al. The epidemiology and disease burden of children hospitalized for viral infections within the family Flaviviridae in China: a national cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 16, e0010562 (2022).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Alhakimi, H. A., Mohamed, O. G., Khogaly, H. S. E., Arafa, K. A. O. & Ahmed, W. A. Epidemiological, clinical and entomological characteristics of yellow fever outbreak in Darfur 2012. AIMS Public Health 2, 132 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Ferreira, F. C. D. S. L., Camacho, L. A. B. & Villela, D. A. M. Occurrence of yellow fever outbreaks in a partially vaccinated population: An analysis of the effective reproduction number. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 16, 1–17 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Diniz, L. M. O. et al. Yellow fever in children and adolescents previously immunized in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Vaccine 38, 6954–6958 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ejikeme, A. R. et al. Yellow fever outbreak in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, May-August 2019. PAMJ One Heal. 7, 18 (2022).

  121. Traiber, C., Coelho-Amaral, P., Fonteles Ritter, V. R. & Winge, A. Infant meningoencephalitis caused by yellow fever vaccine virus transmitted via breastmilk. J. Pediatr. (Rio. J.). 87, 269–272 (2011).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Kuhn, S., Twele-Montecinos, L., MacDonald, J., Webster, P. & Law, B. Case report: probable transmission of vaccine strain of yellow fever virus to an infant via breast milk. CMAJ 8, E243–E245 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Gerin, M., Wroblewski, I., Bost-Bru, C., N’guyen, M. A. & Debillon, T. Méningo-encéphalite après vaccination anti-amarile: syndrome de YEL-AND [YEL-AND meningoencephalitis in a 4-year-old boy consecutive to a yellow-fever vaccine]. Arch. Pediatr. 21, 384–387 (2014)..

  124. Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018. Chapter 176E; p. 2545–2556.

  125. Nealon, J. et al. Serological evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus circulation in Asian children from dengue-endemic countries. J. Infect. Dis. 219, 375 (2019).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Zhang, F. et al. Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of Japanese encephalitis in pediatric and adult patients: a retrospective study in Northern China. Front. Neurol. 14, 1135001 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. LI, J. W. et al. A centralized report on pediatric Japanese encephalitis cases from Beijing Children’s Hospital, 2013. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 29, 902–908 (2016).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Fang, Y. et al. New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance. Parasites Vectors 12, 1–14 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Pommier, J. D. et al. Childhood encephalitis in the Greater Mekong region (the SouthEast Asia Encephalitis Project): a multicentre prospective study. Lancet Glob. Health 10, e989 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Mayxay, M. et al. Outcome of Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection in pediatric and adult patients at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 104, 567–575 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Sharan, P. & Narayan, J. P. A prospective cohort study on the long-term morbidity and functional outcomes of Japanese encephalitis in children. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine (EJMCM). 8, 1703–1708 (2021).

  132. Tripathi, P., Kumar, R., Jain, A. & Ramteke, P. W. Hospital based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Lucknow, India—2011-2013: need for more JE vaccination? Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 4, 40–44 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Borthakur, A. K., Das, N. & Bora, B. J. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) national network laboratory for Japanese encephalitis. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 5, 76–79 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Kakoti, G., Dutta, P., Ram Das, B., Borah, J. & Mahanta, J. Clinical profile and outcome of Japanese encephalitis in children admitted with acute encephalitis syndrome. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013, 152656 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Borah, J., Dutta, P., Khan, S. A. & Mahanta, J. A comparison of clinical features of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in the adult and pediatric age group with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome. J. Clin. Virol. 52, 45–49 (2011).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Dutta, A., Nag, S. S., Dutta, M. & Basu, S. Long-term morbidity and functional outcome of Japanese encephalitis in children: a prospective cohort study. Indian Pediatr. 58, 846–849 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Rayamajhi, A., Singh, R., Prasad, R., Khanal, B. & Singhi, S. Study of Japanese encephalitis and other viral encephalitis in Nepali children. Pediatr. Int. 49, 978–984 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Paul, K. K. et al. Hospital-based surveillance for Japanese encephalitis in Bangladesh, 2007–2016: implications for introduction of immunization. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 99, 69 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Nanishi, E. et al. A nationwide survey of pediatric-onset Japanese encephalitis in Japan. Clin. Infect. Dis. 68, 2099–2104 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Kuitunen, I. & Renko, M. Changes in the epidemiology of zoonotic infections in children: a nationwide register study in Finland. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 41, E113–E119 (2022).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Krbková, L., Štroblová, H. & Bednářová, J. Clinical course and sequelae for tick-borne encephalitis among children in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Eur. J. Pediatr. 174, 449–458 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Nygren, T. M. et al. Recovery and sequelae in 523 adults and children with tick-borne encephalitis in Germany. Infection (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02023-w

  143. Beauté, J., Spiteri, G., Warns-Petit, E. & Zeller, H. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2012 to 2016. Eurosurveillance 23, 1–9 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Santonja, I. et al. Tick-borne encephalitis in vaccinated patients: a retrospective case-control study and analysis of vaccination field effectiveness in Austria from 2000 to 2018. J. Infect. Dis. 227, 512–521 (2023).

  145. Krawczuk, K., Czupryna, P., Pancewicz, S., Ołdak, E. & Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. Comparison of tick-borne encephalitis between children and adults—analysis of 669 patients. J. Neurovirol. 26, 565–571 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Toczylowski, K. et al. Etiology, clinical presentation and incidence of infectious meningitis and encephalitis in Polish children. J. Clin. Med. 9, 1–13 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Dorko, E., Rimárová, K., Kizek, P., Stebnický, M. & Zákutná, Ľ. Increasing incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and its importance in the Slovak Republic. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 22, 277–281 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Stähelin-Massik, J., Zimmermann, H. & Gnehm, H. E. Tick-borne encephalitis in Swiss children 2000-2004: five-year nationwide surveillance of epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27, 555–557 (2008).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Sundin, M. et al. Pediatric tick-borne infections of the central nervous system in an endemic region of Sweden: a prospective evaluation of clinical manifestations. Eur. J. Pediatr. 171, 347–352 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Palyga-Bysiecka, I., Kręcisz, B. & Szczepańska, B. Clinical course and neurological sequels after tick-borne encephalitis in children – case report. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 29, 162–167 (2022).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Ahmed, A. et al. Unique outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Sudan, 2019. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 3030–3033 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Lagare, A. et al. First occurrence of Rift Valley fever outbreak in Niger, 2016. Vet. Med Sci. 5, 70–78 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Youssouf, H. et al. Rift Valley fever outbreak, Mayotte, France, 2018–2019. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 769–772 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Barry, Y. et al. Rift Valley fever, Mauritania, 2020: lessons from a one health approach. One Health 15, 3 (2022).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Sow, A. et al. Rift Valley fever outbreak, Southern Mauritania, 2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20, 296–299 (2014).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Al Azraqi, T. A., El Mekki, A. A. & Mahfouz, A. A. Rift Valley fever among children and adolescents in southwestern Saudi Arabia. J. Infect. Public Health 6, 230–235 (2013).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Muiruri, S. et al. Cross-sectional survey of Rift Valley fever virus exposure in Bodhei village located in a transitional coastal forest habitat in Lamu county, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 394–400 (2015).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. LaBeaud, A. D. et al. Exposure factors and disease symptoms of human rift valley fever in Sangailu, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89, 18 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  159. Arishi, H. M., Aqeel, A. Y. & Al Hazmi, M. M. Vertical transmission of fatal Rift Valley fever in a newborn. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 26, 251–253 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Sow, A. et al. Widespread Rift Valley fever emergence in Senegal in 2013–2014. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 3, 149 (2016).

  161. El Imam, M. et al. Acute renal failure associated with the Rift Valley fever: a single center study. Saudi J. Kidney Transpl. 20, 1047–1052 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  162. Brummer-Korvenkontio, M. et al. Epidemiology of Sindbis virus infections in Finland 1981-96: possible factors explaining a peculiar disease pattern. Epidemiol. Infect. 129, 335–345 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Laine, M. The prevalence of antibodies against Sindbis-related (Pogosta) virus in different parts of Finland. Rheumatology 42, 632–636 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Sane, J. et al. Epidemic sindbis virus infection in Finland: a population-based case-control study of risk factors. J. Infect. Dis. 204, 459–466 (2011).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Kurkela, S., Manni, T., Myllynen, J., Vaheri, A. & Vapalahti, O. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of Sindbis virus infection: prospective study, Finland, 2002–2003. J. Infect. Dis. 1, 1820–1829 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Crosby, B., Crespo, M. E. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. in StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 16

  167. Barrera, R. et al. Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in north-central Venezuela, 1997–1998. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64, 84–92 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Quiroz, E., Aguilar, P. V., Cisneros, J., Tesh, R. B. & Weaver, S. C. Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Panama: fatal endemic disease and genetic diversity of etiologic viral strains. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3, e472 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Carrera, J. P. et al. Eastern equine encephalitis in Latin America. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 732–744 (2013).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Pisano, M. B. et al. First detection of Rio Negro virus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex subtype VI) in Córdoba, Argentina. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 107, 125–128 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Aguilar, P. V. et al. Genetic characterization of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru: identification of a new subtype ID lineage. Aksoy S, editor. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 3, e514 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Vilcarromero, S. et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in child. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 323–325 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Pollett, S., Althouse, B. M., Forshey, B., Rutherford, G. W., Jarman, R. G. Internet-based biosurveillance methods for vector-borne diseases: are they novel public health tools or just novelties? PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005871 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005871.

  174. Muñiz, A. E. Venezuelan equine encephalitis in a teenager visiting Central America. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 28, 372 (2012).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacology, AIIMS Kalyani, Basantapur, Saguna, West Bengal, India

    Kaushik Mukhopadhyay

  2. Microbiology, AIIMS Kalyani, Basantapur, Saguna, West Bengal, India

    Mallika Sengupta

  3. Pediatrics, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Saheli Chatterjee Misra

  4. Student, AIIMS Kalyani, Basantapur, Saguna, West Bengal, India

    Kiranmay Majee

Authors
  1. Kaushik Mukhopadhyay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mallika Sengupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Saheli Chatterjee Misra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kiranmay Majee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

K.Muk, M.S., and S.M. have substantial contributions to conception and design. M.S., S.M., and K.Majee have substantial contributions to acquisition of data. K.Muk contributed to analysis and interpretation of data; S.M. and M.S. contributed to drafting the article and K.Muk and S.M. contributed to revising it critically for important intellectual content; K.Muk, S.M., and M.S. finally approval of the version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saheli Chatterjee Misra.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mukhopadhyay, K., Sengupta, M., Misra, S.C. et al. Trends in emerging vector-borne viral infections and their outcome in children over two decades. Pediatr Res 95, 464–479 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02866-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02866-x

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links