Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) become activated by cancer cells and increase their secretory activity to produce soluble factors that contribute to tumor cells proliferation, invasion and dissemination to distant organs. The pro-tumorigenic transcription factor STAT3 and its canonical inducer, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, act conjunctly in a positive feedback loop that maintains high levels of IL-6 secretion and STAT3 activation in both tumor and stromal cells. Here, we demonstrate that STAT3 is essential for the pro-tumorigenic functions of murine breast cancer CAFs both in vitro and in vivo, and identify a STAT3 signature significantly enriched for genes encoding for secreted proteins. Among these, ANGPTL4, MMP13 and STC-1 were functionally validated as STAT3-dependent mediators of CAF pro-tumorigenic functions by different approaches. Both in vitro and in vivo CAFs activities were moreover impaired by MMP13 inhibition, supporting the feasibility of a therapeutic approach based on inhibiting STAT3-induced CAF-secreted proteins. The clinical potential of such an approach is supported by the observation that an equivalent CAF-STAT3 signature in humans is expressed at high levels in breast cancer stromal cells and characterizes patients with a shorter disease specific survival, including those with basal-like disease.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 50 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $5.18 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Joyce JA, Pollard JW. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:239–52.
Sahai E, Astsaturov I, Cukierman E, DeNardo DG, Egeblad M, Evans RM, et al. A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20:174–86.
Kalluri R. The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16:582–98.
Lynch CC, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor-host cell communication. Differentiation. 2002;70:561–73.
Avalle L, Camporeale A, Camperi A, Poli V. STAT3 in cancer: a double edged sword. Cytokine. 2017;98:42–50.
Avalle L, Pensa S, Regis G, Novelli F, Poli V. STAT1 and STAT3 in tumorigenesis: a matter of balance. JAKSTAT. 2012;1:65–72.
Demaria M, Misale S, Giorgi C, Miano V, Camporeale A, Campisi J, et al. STAT3 can serve as a hit in the process of malignant transformation of primary cells. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19:1390–7.
Laklai H, Miroshnikova YA, Pickup MW, Collisson EA, Kim GE, Barrett AS, et al. Genotype tunes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue tension to induce matricellular fibrosis and tumor progression. Nat Med. 2016;22:497–505.
Yu H, Pardoll D, Jove R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:798–809.
Yu H, Kortylewski M, Pardoll D. Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:41–51.
Demaria M, Giorgi C, Lebiedzinska M, Esposito G, D’Angeli L, Bartoli A, et al. A STAT3-mediated metabolic switch is involved in tumour transformation and STAT3 addiction. Aging (Albany NY). 2010;2:823–42.
Barbieri I, Quaglino E, Maritano D, Pannellini T, Riera L, Cavallo F, et al. Stat3 is required for anchorage-independent growth and metastasis but not for mammary tumor development downstream of the ErbB-2 oncogene. Mol Carcinog. 2010;49:114–20.
Wang SW, Sun YM. The IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway: potential therapeutic strategies in treating colorectal cancer (Review). Int J Oncol. 2014;44:1032–40.
Albrengues J, Bertero T, Grasset E, Bonan S, Maiel M, Bourget I, et al. Epigenetic switch drives the conversion of fibroblasts into proinvasive cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Commun. 2015;6:10204.
Hendrayani SF, Al-Khalaf HH, Aboussekhra A. The cytokine IL-6 reactivates breast stromal fibroblasts through transcription factor STAT3-dependent up-regulation of the RNA-binding protein AUF1. J Biol Chem. 2014;289:30962–76.
Yang X, Lin Y, Shi Y, Li B, Liu W, Yin W, et al. FAP promotes immunosuppression by cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment via STAT3-CCL2 signaling. Cancer Res. 2016;76:4124–35.
Zheng X, Xu M, Yao B, Wang C, Jia Y, Liu Q. IL-6/STAT3 axis initiated CAFs via up-regulating TIMP-1 which was attenuated by acetylation of STAT3 induced by PCAF in HCC microenvironment. Cell Signal. 2016;28:1314–24.
Barbieri I, Pensa S, Pannellini T, Quaglino E, Maritano D, Demaria M, et al. Constitutively active Stat3 enhances neu-mediated migration and metastasis in mammary tumors via upregulation of Cten. Cancer Res. 2010;70:2558–67.
Boye K, Maelandsmo GM. S100A4 and metastasis: a small actor playing many roles. Am J Pathol. 2010;176:528–35.
Avalle L, Marino F, Camporeale A, Guglielmi C, Viavattene D, Bandini S, et al. Liver-Specific siRNA-Mediated Stat3 or C3 Knockdown Improves the Outcome of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020;18:62–72.
Rovero S, Amici A, Di Carlo E, Bei R, Nanni P, Quaglino E, et al. DNA vaccination against rat her-2/Neu p185 more effectively inhibits carcinogenesis than transplantable carcinomas in transgenic BALB/c mice. J Immunol. 2000;165:5133–42.
Nanni P, de Giovanni C, Lollini PL, Nicoletti G, Prodi G. TS/A: a new metastasizing cell line from a BALB/c spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1983;1:373–80.
Quillard T, Tesmenitsky Y, Croce K, Travers R, Shvartz E, Koskinas KC, et al. Selective inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-13 increases collagen content of established mouse atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:2464–72.
Yu H, Fellows A, Foote K, Yang Z, Figg N, Littlewood T, et al. FOXO3a (Forkhead Transcription Factor O Subfamily Member 3a) Links Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis, Matrix Breakdown, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Remodeling Through a Novel Pathway Involving MMP13 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 13). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38:555–65.
Curtis C, Shah SP, Chin SF, Turashvili G, Rueda OM, Dunning MJ, et al. The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature. 2012;486:346–52.
Yoshihara K, Shahmoradgoli M, Martinez E, Vegesna R, Kim H, Torres-Garcia W, et al. Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2612.
Karaayvaz M, Cristea S, Gillespie SM, Patel AP, Mylvaganam R, Luo CC, et al. Unravelling subclonal heterogeneity and aggressive disease states in TNBC through single-cell RNA-seq. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3588.
Huynh J, Chand A, Gough D, Ernst M. Therapeutically exploiting STAT3 activity in cancer - using tissue repair as a road map. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019;19:82–96.
Dijkgraaf EM, Santegoets SJ, Reyners AK, Goedemans R, Wouters MC, Kenter GG, et al. A phase I trial combining carboplatin/doxorubicin with tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody, and interferon-alpha2b in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:2141–9.
Rossi JF, Negrier S, James ND, Kocak I, Hawkins R, Davis H, et al. A phase I/II study of siltuximab (CNTO 328), an anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, in metastatic renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:1154–62.
Gong X, Hou Z, Endsley MP, Gronseth EI, Rarick KR, Jorns JM, et al. Interaction of tumor cells and astrocytes promotes breast cancer brain metastases through TGF-beta2/ANGPTL4 axes. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2019;3:24.
Teo Z, Sng MK, Chan JSK, Lim MMK, Li Y, Li L, et al. Elevation of adenylate energy charge by angiopoietin-like 4 enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inducing 14-3-3gamma expression. Oncogene. 2017;36:6408–19.
Garner JM, Ellison DW, Finkelstein D, Ganguly D, Du Z, Sims M, et al. Molecular heterogeneity in a patient-derived glioblastoma xenoline is regulated by different cancer stem cell populations. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0125838.
Li L, Chong HC, Ng SY, Kwok KW, Teo Z, Tan EHP, et al. Angiopoietin-like 4 increases pulmonary tissue leakiness and damage during influenza pneumonia. Cell Rep. 2015;10:654–63.
Chong HC, Chan JS, Goh CQ, Gounko NV, Luo B, Wang X, et al. Angiopoietin-like 4 stimulates STAT3-mediated iNOS expression and enhances angiogenesis to accelerate wound healing in diabetic mice. Mol Ther. 2014;22:1593–604.
Zhao F, Yang G, Feng M, Cao Z, Liu Y, Qiu J, et al. Expression, function and clinical application of stanniocalcin-1 in cancer. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:7686–96.
Chang AC, Doherty J, Huschtscha LI, Redvers R, Restall C, Reddel RR, et al. STC1 expression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2015;32:15–27.
Pena C, Cespedes MV, Lindh MB, Kiflemariam S, Mezheyeuski A, Edqvist PH, et al. STC1 expression by cancer-associated fibroblasts drives metastasis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2013;73:1287–97.
Folgueira MA, Maistro S, Katayama ML, Roela RA, Mundim FG, Nanogaki S, et al., Markers of breast cancer stromal fibroblasts in the primary tumour site associated with lymph node metastasis: a systematic review including our case series. Biosci Rep. 2013;33. https://portlandpress.com/bioscirep/article/33/6/e00085/55978/Markers-of-breast-cancer-stromal-fibroblasts-in.
Paek AR, Mun JY, Hong KM, Lee J, Hong DW, You HJ. Zinc finger protein 143 expression is closely related to tumor malignancy via regulating cell motility in breast cancer. BMB Rep. 2017;50:621–7.
Zhang, B, X Cao, Y Liu, W Cao, F Zhang, S Zhang, et al., Tumor-derived matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) correlates with poor prognoses of invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer, 2008;8. https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-8-83.
Dumortier M, Ladam F, Damour I, Vacher S, Bieche I, Marchand N, et al. ETV4 transcription factor and MMP13 metalloprotease are interplaying actors of breast tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 2018;20:73.
Fan Y, Gan Y, Shen Y, Cai X, Song Y, Zhao F, et al. Leptin signaling enhances cell invasion and promotes the metastasis of human pancreatic cancer via increasing MMP-13 production. Oncotarget. 2015;6:16120–34.
Nielsen BS, Rank F, Lopez JM, Balbin M, Vizoso F, Lund LR, et al. Collagenase-3 expression in breast myofibroblasts as a molecular marker of transition of ductal carcinoma in situ lesions to invasive ductal carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2001;61:7091–100.
Tell RW, Horvath CM. Bioinformatic analysis reveals a pattern of STAT3-associated gene expression specific to basal-like breast cancers in human tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:12787–92.
Aslakson CJ, Miller FR. Selective events in the metastatic process defined by analysis of the sequential dissemination of subpopulations of a mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res. 1992;52:1399–405.
Schrors B, Boegel S, Albrecht C, Bukur T, Bukur V, Holtstrater C, et al. Multi-omics characterization of the 4T1 murine mammary gland tumor model. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1195.
Poli V, Balena R, Fattori E, Markatos A, Yamamoto M, Tanaka H, et al. Interleukin-6 deficient mice are protected from bone loss caused by estrogen depletion. EMBO J. 1994;13:1189–96.
Vallania F, Schiavone D, Dewilde S, Pupo E, Garbay S, Calogero R, et al. Genome-wide discovery of functional transcription factor binding sites by comparative genomics: the case of Stat3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:5117–22.
Avalle L, Incarnato D, Savino A, Gai M, Marino F, Pensa S, et al. MicroRNAs-143 and -145 induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition and modulate the expression of junction proteins. Cell Death Differ. 2017;24:1750–60.
Gendoo DMA, Zon M, Sandhu V, Manem VSK, Ratanasirigulchai N, Chen GM, et al. MetaGxData: clinically annotated breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancer datasets and their use in generating a multi-cancer gene signature. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8770.
Savino A, De Marzo N, Provero P, Poli V. Meta-analysis of microdissected breast tumors reveals genes regulated in the stroma but hidden in bulk analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:3371.
Colaprico A, Silva TC, Olsen C, Garofano L, Cava C, Garolini D, et al. TCGAbiolinks: an R/Bioconductor package for integrative analysis of TCGA data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44:e71–e71.
Hanzelmann S, Castelo R, Guinney J. GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-seq data. BMC Bioinforma. 2013;14:7.
Stuart T, Butler A, Hoffman P, Hafemeister C, Papalexi E, Mauck WM 3rd, et al. Comprehensive integration of single-cell data. Cell. 2019;177:1888–1902.e21.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank D. Taverna, C. Ambrogio, E. Calautti, M. Mazzone for critically reading the manuscript. This work was supported by the Italian Cancer Research Association (AIRC, IG16930 to V.P.; IG 20240 to S.O.); the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR PRIN 2017 to V.P.); the Truus and Gerrit van Riemsdijk Foundation, Liechtenstein, donation to V.P.; Piedmont Region (Deflect). L. Avalle was supported by Fondazione Umberto Veronesi.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conception, design and study supervision VP; bioinformatics data generation and analysis, EM, AS, NDM, DI, SO; in vitro experiments, AC, CG, FM, SAS, LR, DV, AL, DI; in vivo experiments, LA, AC, LR, DV, SAS, VS; Acquisition of data, CZ and MF; Analysis and interpretation of data, EM, LA, AS, LR, DV, DI, VP, PD, SO.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Avalle, L., Raggi, L., Monteleone, E. et al. STAT3 induces breast cancer growth via ANGPTL4, MMP13 and STC1 secretion by cancer associated fibroblasts. Oncogene 41, 1456–1467 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-021-02172-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-021-02172-y
This article is cited by
-
ANGPTL4 accelerates ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment by activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and interacting with ESM1
Journal of Translational Medicine (2024)
-
IL-8 activates fibroblasts to promote the invasion of HNSCC cells via STAT3-MMP1
Cell Death Discovery (2024)
-
Construction of an Anoikis-Related Gene Prognostic Signature and Identification of ANGPTL4 as a Key Oncogene in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Molecular Biotechnology (2024)
-
Hypoxia Potentiated Lung Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by up-regulating HIF1α/JAK2/STAT3 Axis and Activating MMP13 Transcription
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics (2024)
-
Integrated single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing analysis identifies a neoadjuvant chemotherapy-related gene signature for predicting survival and therapy in breast cancer
BMC Medical Genomics (2023)