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Effects of acute stress and depression on functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and the amygdala

Molecular Psychiatry volume 28, pages 4602–4612 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Stress is known to be a significant risk factor for the development of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), yet the neural mechanisms that underlie this risk are poorly understood. Prior work has heavily implicated the corticolimbic system in the pathophysiology of MDD. In particular, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala play a central role in regulating the response to stress, with dorsal PFC and ventral PFC exhibiting reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory influences on amygdala subregions. However, it remains unclear how best to disentangle the impact of stress from the impact of current MDD symptoms on this system. Here, we examined stress-induced changes in resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) within an a priori corticolimbic network in MDD patients and healthy controls (total n = 80) before and after an acute stressor or a “no stress” control condition. Using graph theoretic analysis, we found that connectivity between basolateral amygdala and dorsal prefrontal nodes of the corticolimbic network had a negative association with individual differences in chronic perceived stress at baseline. Following the acute stressor, healthy individuals showed a reduction of the amygdala node strength, while MDD patients exhibited little change. Finally, dorsal PFC–particularly dorsomedial PFC– connectivity to the basolateral amygdala was associated with the strength of the basolateral amygdala responses to loss feedback during a reinforcement learning task. These findings highlight attenuated connectivity between basolateral amygdala and prefrontal cortex in patients with MDD. In healthy individuals, acute stress exposure was found to push the corticolimbic network to a “stress-phenotype” that may be chronically present in patients with current depression and high levels of perceived stress. In sum, these results help to identify circuit mechanisms underlying the effects of acute stress and their role in mood disorders.

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Fig. 1: Study design, effects of stress on mood and salivary cortisol and associations with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).
Fig. 2: Regions of interest and changes in network connectivity following acute stress or the NSC condition.
Fig. 3: Amygdala node strength changes following acute stress or the NSC condition.
Fig. 4: Associations between amygdala connectivity and amygdala activity during a reinforcement learning task.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health R00MH102355 and R01MH108605 to MTT and K01MH126308 to JAC. Data management through REDCap was supported by UL1 TR000424. We also gratefully acknowledge support from Andrew Teer, Sandra Goulding, Amanda Shamblaw, Amanda Arulpragasam, Nicolas Rohleder, and Laurie Scott.

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  1. Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Shabnam Hossein, Brittany A. M. DeVries, Makiah R. Nuutinen, Emma C. Hahn, Philip A. Kragel & Michael T. Treadway

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Jessica A. Cooper & Michael T. Treadway

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  1. Shabnam Hossein
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Contributions

SH planned and performed all primary analyses and drafted the manuscript; JAC aided with data collection and analysis, interpretation of results, and edited the manuscript; BAMD, MRN and ECH aided in data collection, data analysis, and edited the manuscript; PAK aided in multivariate data analysis, interpretation of results, and edited the manuscript; MTT conceived the study, oversaw analysis and helped draft the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Michael T. Treadway.

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The authors report no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise. In the past three years, MTT has served as a paid consultant to Blackthorn Therapeutics and Boehringer Ingelheim. None of these entities supported the current work, and all views expressed herein are solely those of the authors.

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Hossein, S., Cooper, J.A., DeVries, B.A.M. et al. Effects of acute stress and depression on functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Mol Psychiatry 28, 4602–4612 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02056-5

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