Cross-sectional imaging, endoscopic evaluation and biopsy are the mainstay of preoperative evaluation and staging of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), despite their limitations in accurate prediction of grade, stage and oncologic outcome. Multivariable models incorporating numerous clinical factors, including novel tumor markers will improve our ability to deliver personalized treatment.
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Youssef, R., Margulis, V. Endoscopy to predict outcomes in upper tract urothelial cancer. Nat Rev Urol 9, 242–243 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2012.58
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2012.58
