Abstract
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis is an immunologic response of the kidney to infection, commonly triggered by streptococci, although many other organisms can cause the condition. In recent decades, the prevalence of postinfectious glomerulonephritis has tended to decline in most industrialized countries, but high rates persist in some developing communities. Nowadays, patients in developed countries are usually adult and male, and those with comorbidities such as diabetes and alcoholism are at increased risk of developing the disease. The acute presentation ranges from nephritic syndrome to asymptomatic glomerulonephritis. The exact pathophysiology of postinfectious glomerulonephritis is still unknown; however, several possible pathologic antigens are under investigation. The majority of children and patients with the epidemic form of postinfectious glomerulonephritis have an excellent prognosis, which contrasts with the poor long-term outcome of sporadic cases. Therapy is largely supportive unless renal function fails to recover after eradication of the causative organism. This Review focuses on acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis, and covers its epidemiology, presentation, pathology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcomes.
Key Points
-
Rates of postinfectious glomerulonephritis are declining in most industrialized countries but remain high in some developing communities
-
The clinical manifestations, histopathology, and organisms reported to be associated with postinfectious glomerulonephritis have become increasingly diverse over recent years
-
The fundamental pathogenic mechanism of postinfectious glomerulonephritis is believed to be the deposition of immune complexes within glomerular tufts; however, the pathologic antigen remains obscure
-
Most epidemic cases of postinfectious glomerulonephritis have an excellent prognosis, but outcomes are poor in elderly patients and those with underlying disease
-
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis generally requires only supportive treatment, but corticosteroids or cytotoxic agents might have a role if disease progresses despite eradication of the causative organism
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$209.00 per year
only $17.42 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Couser, W. G., Johnson, R. J. & Alpers, C. E. in Immunologic Renal Diseases (eds Neilson, E. G. & Couser, W. G.) 899–929 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001).
Davison, A. M. in Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology (eds Cameron, S. et al.) 456–474 (Oxford University Press, New York, 1992).
Montseny, J. J., Meyrier, A., Kleinknecht, D. & Callard, P. The current spectrum of infectious glomerulonephritis. Experience with 76 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 74, 63–73 (1995).
Carapetis, J. R., Steer, A. C., Mulholland, E. K. & Weber, M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5, 685–694 (2005).
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. & Musser, J. M. The current state of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 1855–1864 (2008).
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Rubio, L. & Garcia, R. Attack rate of poststreptococcal nephritis in families. A prospective study. Lancet 1, 401–403 (1981).
Dodge, W. F., Spargo, B. H. & Travis, L. B. Occurrence of acute glomerulonephritis in sibling contacts of children with sporadic acute glomerulonephritis. Pediatrics 40, 1028–1030 (1967).
Sagel, I. et al. Occurrence and nature of glomerular lesions after group A streptococci infections in children. Ann. Intern. Med. 79, 492–499 (1973).
Ghnaimat, M., Akash, N. & El-Lozi, M. Kidney biopsy in Jordan: complications and histopathological findings. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 10, 152–156 (1999).
Berrios, X. et al. Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Chile—20 years of experience. Pediatr. Nephrol. 19, 306–312 (2004).
Bourquia, A. & Zaid, D. Acute renal insufficiency in children. Retrospective study of 89 cases [French]. Ann. Pediatr. (Paris) 40, 603–608 (1993).
Masuyama, T. et al. Outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis in children: observed association with the T1 subtype of group A streptococcal infection in northern Kyushu, Japan. Acta Paediatr. Jpn 38, 128–131 (1996).
Sarkissian, A. et al. An epidemic of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in Armenia. Arch. Dis. Child. 77, 342–344 (1997).
Balter, S. et al. Epidemic nephritis in Nova Serrana, Brazil. Lancet 355, 1776–1780 (2000).
Mazzucco, G. et al. Different patterns of renal damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicentric study on 393 biopsies. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 39, 713–720 (2002).
Haas, M. Incidental healed postinfectious glomerulonephritis: a study of 1012 renal biopsy specimens examined by electron microscopy. Hum. Pathol. 34, 3–10 (2003).
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Burdmann, E. A., Ophascharoensuk, V. & Barsoum, R. S. in Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology (eds Johnson, R. J. & Feehally, J.) 373–386 (Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2003).
Yoshizawa, N. Acute glomerulonephritis. Intern. Med. 39, 687–694 (2000).
Nasr, S. H. et al. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the modern era: experience with 86 adults and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 87, 21–32 (2008).
Keller, C. K., Andrassy, K., Waldherr, R. & Ritz, E. Postinfectious glomerulonephritis—is there a link to alcoholism? Q. J. Med. 87, 97–102 (1994).
Moroni, G. et al. Long-term prognosis of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with infection in adults. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 17, 1204–1211 (2002).
Richmond, D. E. & Doak, P. B. The prognosis of acute post infectious glomerulonephritis in adults: a long-term prospective study. Aust. NZ J. Med. 20, 215–219 (1990).
Srisawat, N. et al. The clinicopathology and outcome of post-infectious glomerulonephritis: experience in 36 adults. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 89 (Suppl. 2), S157–S162 (2006).
Baldwin, D. S., Gluck, M. C., Schacht, R. G. & Gallo, G. The long-term course of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Ann. Intern. Med. 80, 342–358 (1974).
Lien, J. W., Mathew, T. H. & Meadows, R. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in adults: a long-term study. Q. J. Med. 48, 99–111 (1979).
Lewy, J. E. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 23, 751–759 (1976).
Heukelbach, J. & Feldmeier, H. Scabies. Lancet 367, 1767–1774 (2006).
Neugarten, J. & Baldwin, D. S. Glomerulonephritis in bacterial endocarditis. Am. J. Med. 77, 297–304 (1984).
Srivastava, T., Warady & Alon, U. S. Pneumonia-associated acute glomerulonephritis. Clin. Nephrol. 57, 175–182 (2002).
Bakri, F. G., Wahbeh, A., Mahafzah, A. & Tarawneh, M. Brucella glomerulonephritis resulting in end-stage renal disease: a case report and a brief review of the literature. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 40, 529–533 (2008).
Barsoum, R. S. Tropical parasitic nephropathies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 14 (Suppl. 3), 79–91 (1999).
Barsoum, R. S. Malarial nephropathies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 13, 1588–1597 (1998).
Komatsuda, A. et al. Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis in a patient with parvovirus B19 infection. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 36, 851–854 (2000).
Sorger, K. et al. Subtypes of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Synopsis of clinical and pathological features. Clin. Nephrol. 17, 114–128 (1982).
Lee, L. C. et al. “Full house” proliferative glomerulonephritis: an unreported presentation of subacute infective endocarditis. J. Nephrol. 20, 745–749 (2007).
El-Husseini, A. A., Sheashaa, H. A., Sabry, A. A., Moustafa, F. E. & Sobh, M. A. Acute postinfectious crescentic glomerulonephritis: clinicopathologic presentation and risk factors. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 37, 603–609 (2005).
Melby, P. C., Musick, W. D., Luger, A. M. & Khanna, R. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in the elderly. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am. J. Nephrol. 7, 235–240 (1987).
Raff, A., Hebert, T., Pullman, J. & Coco, M. Crescentic post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome in the adult: is aggressive therapy warranted? Clin. Nephrol. 63, 375–380 (2005).
Hinglais, N., Garcia-Torres, R. & Kleinknecht, D. Long-term prognosis in acute glomerulonephritis. The predictive value of early clinical and pathological features observed in 65 patients. Am. J. Med. 56, 52–60 (1974).
Koyama, A. et al. Glomerulonephritis associated with MRSA infection: a possible role of bacterial superantigen. Kidney Int. 47, 207–216 (1995).
Beaufils, M. et al. Acute renal failure of glomerular origin during visceral abscesses. N. Engl. J. Med. 295, 185–189 (1976).
Ahsan, N., Wheeler, D. E. & Palmer, B. F. Leprosy-associated renal disease: case report and review of the literature. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5, 1546–1552 (1995).
No authors listed] A clinico-pathologic study of crescentic glomerulonephritis in 50 children. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int. 27, 450–458 (1985).
Srivastava, R. N. et al. Crescentic glomerulonephritis in children: a review of 43 cases. Am. J. Nephrol. 12, 155–161 (1992).
Wong, W., Morris, M. C. & Zwi, J. Outcome of severe acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in New Zealand children. Pediatr. Nephrol. doi:10.1007/s00467-008-1086-5 (2008).
Yoshizawa, N. et al. Asymptomatic acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis following upper respiratory tract infections caused by Group A streptococci. Clin. Nephrol. 46, 296–301 (1996).
Sitprija, V., Pipantanagul, V., Boonpucknavig, V. & Boonpucknavig, S. Glomerulitis in typhoid fever. Ann. Intern. Med. 81, 210–213 (1974).
Boonpucknavig, V. & Soontornniyomkij, V. Pathology of renal diseases in the tropics. Semin. Nephrol. 23, 88–106 (2003).
Tarr, P. I., Gordon, C. A. & Chandler, W. L. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 365, 1073–1086 (2005).
Stegeman, C. A. et al. Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 120, 12–17 (1994).
Barsoum, R. S. Schistosomal glomerulopathies. Kidney Int. 44, 1–12 (1993).
Chugh, K. S. et al. Renal lesions in leprosy amongst north Indian patients. Postgrad. Med. J. 59, 707–711 (1983).
da Silva Junior, G. B. & Daher Ede, F. Renal involvement in leprosy: retrospective analysis of 461 cases in Brazil. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 10, 107–112 (2006).
Nakayama, E. E., Ura, S., Fleury, R. N. & Soares, V. Renal lesions in leprosy: a retrospective study of 199 autopsies. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 38, 26–30 (2001).
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. & Batsford, S. Pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis a century after Clemens von Pirquet. Kidney Int. 71, 1094–1104 (2007).
Nordstrand, A., Norgren, M. & Holm, S. E. Pathogenic mechanism of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 31, 523–537 (1999).
Cunningham, M. W. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 470–511 (2000).
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. Nephritis-associated streptococcal antigens: where are we now? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 1961–1962 (2004).
Yamakami, K. et al. The potential role for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Methods 21, 185–197 (2000).
Yoshizawa, N. et al. Nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: characterization of the antigen and associated immune response. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 1785–1793 (2004).
Batsford, S. R., Mezzano, S., Mihatsch, M., Schiltz, E. & Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. Is the nephritogenic antigen in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) or GAPDH? Kidney Int. 68, 1120–1129 (2005).
Luo, Y. H. et al. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B antibodies in a mouse model of glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 72, 716–724 (2007).
Yoshizawa, N., Oshima, S., Sagel, I., Shimizu, J. & Treser, G. Role of a streptococcal antigen in the pathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Characterization of the antigen and a proposed mechanism for the disease. J. Immunol. 148, 3110–3116 (1992).
Beres, S. B. et al. Genome sequence of a Lancefield group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus strain causing epidemic nephritis: new information about an old disease. PLoS ONE 3, e3026 (2008).
Stephen, R. Is the nephritogenic antigen in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis pyrogenic exotoxin B (SPE B) or GADPH? Kidney Int. 68, 1120–1129 (2005).
Mosquera, J., Romero, M., Viera, N., Rincon, J. & Pedreanez, A. Could streptococcal erythrogenic toxin B induce inflammation prior to the development of immune complex deposits in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 105, e41–e44 (2007).
Yoh, K. et al. Cytokines and T-cell responses in superantigen-related glomerulonephritis following methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15, 1170–1174 (2000).
Potter, E. V., Lipschultz, S. A., Abidh, S., Poon-King, T. & Earle, D. P. Twelve to seventeen-year follow-up of patients with poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad. N. Engl. J. Med. 307, 725–729 (1982).
Garcia, R., Rubio, L. & Rodriguez-Iturbe, B. Long-term prognosis of epidemic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in Maracaibo: follow-up studies 11–12 years after the acute episode. Clin. Nephrol. 15, 291–298 (1981).
White, A. V., Hoy, W. E. & McCredie, D. A. Childhood post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis as a risk factor for chronic renal disease in later life. Med. J. Aust. 174, 492–496 (2001).
Perlman, L. V., Herdman, R. C., Kleinman, H. & Vernier, R. L. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A ten-year follow-up of an epidemic. JAMA 194, 63–70 (1965).
Nissenson, A. R. et al. Continued absence of clinical renal disease seven to 12 years after poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in Trinidad. Am. J. Med. 67, 255–262 (1979).
Baldwin, D. S. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A progressive disease? Am. J. Med. 62, 1–11 (1977).
Singhal, P. C. et al. Prognosis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Chandigarh study. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 11, 36–41 (1982).
Clark, G. et al. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children: clinicopathological correlations and long-term prognosis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2, 381–388 (1988).
Vogl, W., Renke, M., Mayer-Eichberger, D., Schmitt, H. & Bohle, A. Long-term prognosis for endocapillary glomerulonephritis of poststreptococcal type in children and adults. Nephron 44, 58–65 (1986).
Lewy, J. E., Salinas-Madrigal, L., Herdson, P. B., Pirani, C. L. & Metcoff, J. Clinico-pathologic correlations in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A correlation between renal functions, morphologic damage and clinical course of 46 children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 50, 453–501 (1971).
Sesso, R. & Pinto, S. W. Five-year follow-up of patients with epidemic glomerulonephritis due to Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 20, 1808–1812 (2005).
Atkins, R. C. How bright is their future? Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in Indigenous communities in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 174, 489–490 (2001).
Orfila, C., Lepert, J. C., Modesto, A., Goudable, C. & Suc, J. M. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with bacterial endocarditis: efficacy of antibiotic therapy alone. Am. J. Nephrol. 13, 218–222 (1993).
Popovic-Rolovic, M., Kostic, M., Antic-Peco, A., Jovanovic, O. & Popovic, D. Medium- and long-term prognosis of patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Nephron 58, 393–399 (1991).
Zent, R., Van Zyl Smit, R., Duffield, M. & Cassidy, M. J. Crescentic nephritis at Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa—not a benign disease. Clin. Nephrol. 42, 22–29 (1994).
Kampf, D., Hofer, W. & Misgeld, V. [Anticoagulation and immunosuppression in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis of poststreptococcal type (author's transl)]. Med. Klin. 73, 395–400 (1978).
Bhuyan, U. N., Dash, S. C., Srivastava, R. N., Sharma, R. K. & Malhotra, K. K. Immunopathology, extent and course of glomerulonephritis with crescent formation. Clin. Nephrol. 18, 280–285 (1982).
Dillon, H. C. Jr. Pyoderma and nephritis. Annu. Rev. Med. 18, 207–218 (1967).
Streeton, C. L., Hanna, J. N., Messer, R. D. & Merianos, A. An epidemic of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis among aboriginal children. J. Paediatr. Child Health 31, 245–248 (1995).
Bergholm, A. M. & Holm, S. E. Effect of early penicillin treatment on the development of experimental poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. [C] 91, 271–281 (1983).
Brundage, J. F. et al. Epidemiology and control of acute respiratory diseases with emphasis on group A β-hemolytic streptococcus: a decade of U. S. Army experience. Pediatrics 97, 964–970 (1996).
Gunzenhauser, J. D. et al. Epidemic streptococcal disease among Army trainees, July 1989 through June 1991. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 124–131 (1995).
Johnston, F., Carapetis, J., Patel, M. S., Wallace, T. & Spillane, P. Evaluating the use of penicillin to control outbreaks of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18, 327–332 (1999).
Thomas, R. J. et al. Penicillin prophylaxis for streptococcal infections in United States Navy and Marine Corps recruit camps, 1951–1985. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10, 125–130 (1988).
Almroth, G. et al. Acute glomerulonephritis associated with streptococcus pyogenes with concomitant spread of streptococcus constellatus in four rural families. Ups. J. Med. Sci. 110, 217–231 (2005).
van Velthuysen, M. L. & Florquin, S. Glomerulopathy associated with parasitic infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13, 55–66 (2000).
Sitprija, V., Losuwanrak, K. & Kanjanabuch, T. Leptospiral nephropathy. Semin. Nephrol. 23, 42–48 (2003).
Takeda, S., Takaeda, C., Takazakura, E. & Haratake, J. Renal involvement induced by human parvovirus B19 infection. Nephron 89, 280–285 (2001).
Eiam-Ong, S. Malarial nephropathy. Semin. Nephrol. 23, 21–33 (2003).
Ginsburg, B. E., Wasserman, J., Huldt, G. & Bergstrand, A. Case of glomerulonephritis associated with acute toxoplasmosis. Br. Med. J. 3, 664–665 (1974).
Covic, A., Mititiuc, I., Caruntu, L. & Goldsmith, D. J. Reversible nephrotic syndrome due to mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis secondary to hepatic hydatid disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 11, 2074–2076 (1996).
Westendorp, R. G., Doorenbos, C. J., Thompson, J., von Es, L. A. & von Furth, R. Immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with an amoebic liver abscess. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene 84, 385–386 (1990).
Kanjanabuch, T. et al. Etiologies of glomerular diseases in Thailand: a renal biopsy study of 506 cases. J. Med. Assoc. Thai 88 (Suppl. 4), S305–S311 (2005).
Simon, P. et al. Epidemiology of primary glomerular diseases in a French region. Variations according to period and age. Kidney Int. 46, 1192–1198 (1994).
Choi, I. J. et al. An analysis of 4,514 cases of renal biopsy in Korea. Yonsei Med. J. 42, 247–254 (2001).
Narasimhan, B. et al. Characterization of kidney lesions in Indian adults: towards a renal biopsy registry. J. Nephrol. 19, 205–210 (2006).
Gesualdo, L., Di Palma, A. M., Morrone, L. F., Strippoli, G. F. & Schena, F. P. The Italian experience of the national registry of renal biopsies. Kidney Int. 66, 890–894 (2004).
Olowu, W. A. & Adelusola, K. A. Pediatric acute renal failure in southwestern Nigeria. Kidney Int. 66, 1541–1548 (2004).
Ben Maiz, H., Abderrahim, E., Ben Moussa, F., Goucha, R. & Karoui, C. Epidemiology of glomerular diseases in Tunisia from 1975 to 2005. Influence of changes in healthcare and society [French]. Bull. Acad. Natl Med. 190, 403–416 (2006).
Chan, K. W., Chan, T. M. & Cheng, I. K. Clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with glomerular diseases at a university teaching hospital: 5-year prospective review. Hong Kong Med. J. 5, 240–244 (1999).
Hurtado, A. et al. Distinct patterns of glomerular disease in Lima, Peru. Clin. Nephrol. 53, 325–332 (2000).
Malafronte, P. et al. Paulista registry of glomerulonephritis: 5-year data report. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21, 3098–3105 (2006).
Huraib, S. et al. The spectrum of glomerulonephritis in Saudi Arabia: the results of the Saudi registry. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 11, 434–441 (2000).
Polenakovic, M. H., Grcevska, L. & Dzikova, S. The incidence of biopsy-proven primary glomerulonephritis in the Republic of Macedonia—long-term follow-up. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18 (Suppl. 5), v26–v27 (2003).
Rychlik, I. et al. The Czech registry of renal biopsies. Occurrence of renal diseases in the years 1994–2000 Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 19, 3040–3049 (2004).
Covic, A. et al. Epidemiology of renal disease in Romania: a 10 year review of two regional renal biopsy databases. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21, 419–424 (2006).
Naumovic, R., Pavlovic, S., Stojkovic, D., Basta-Jovanovic, G. & Nesic, V. Renal biopsy registry from a single centre in Serbia: 20 years of experience. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 877–885 (2008).
Briganti, E. M. et al. The incidence of biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis in Australia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 16, 1364–1367 (2001).
[No authors listed] Nationwide and long-term survey of primary glomerulonephritis in Japan as observed in 1,850 biopsied cases. Research Group on Progressive Chronic Renal Disease. Nephron 82, 205–213 (1999).
Heaf, J., Lokkegaard, H. & Larsen, S. The epidemiology and prognosis of glomerulonephritis in Denmark 1985–1997. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 14, 1889–1897 (1999).
Carvalho, E., do Sameiro Faria, M., Nunes, J. P., Sampaio, S. & Valbuena, C. Renal diseases: a 27-year renal biopsy study. J. Nephrol. 19, 500–507 (2006).
Li, L. S. & Liu, Z. H. Epidemiologic data of renal diseases from a single unit in China: analysis based on 13,519 renal biopsies. Kidney Int. 66, 920–923 (2004).
Iseki, K. et al. Outcome study of renal biopsy patients in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int. 66, 914–919 (2004).
Ilyas, M. & Tolaymat, A. Changing epidemiology of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in northeast Florida: a comparative study. Pediatr. Nephrol. 23, 1101–1106 (2008).
Yap, H. K. et al. Acute glomerulonephritis—changing patterns in Singapore children. Pediatr. Nephrol. 4, 482–484 (1990).
Schena, F. P. Survey of the Italian Registry of Renal Biopsies. Frequency of the renal diseases for 7 consecutive years. The Italian Group of Renal Immunopathology. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 12, 418–426 (1997).
Swaminathan, S. et al. Changing incidence of glomerular disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a 30-year renal biopsy study. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1, 483–487 (2006).
Dodge, W. F. et al. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. A prospective study in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 286, 273–278 (1972).
Roy, S. 3rd, Pitcock, J. A. & Etteldorf, J. N. Prognosis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in childhood: prospective study and review of the literature. Adv. Pediatr. 23, 35–69 (1976).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Pornpen Panomwan, MSc for her assistance in epidemiologic analyses. This work was supported by a grant from the Thailand Research Fund (MRG500016). T. Kanjanabuch is supported in part by the Grants for Development of New Faculty Staff Ratchadapiseksompotch Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and the National research Council of Thailand.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kanjanabuch, T., Kittikowit, W. & Eiam-Ong, S. An update on acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis worldwide. Nat Rev Nephrol 5, 259–269 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2009.44
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2009.44
This article is cited by
-
State transitions across the Strep A disease spectrum: scoping review and evidence gaps
BMC Infectious Diseases (2024)
-
A 6-year review of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis at a public children’s hospital in Cape Town, South Africa
Pediatric Nephrology (2024)
-
Angiotensin II and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Clinical and Experimental Nephrology (2024)
-
C3 glomerulopathy in a patient with a history of post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Pediatric Nephrology (2024)
-
Biomarkers of histologic severity in children with severe or atypical acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Pediatric Nephrology (2023)