Key Points
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Privacy breaching techniques can work by cross-referencing two or more pieces of information to gain new, potentially harmful, knowledge on individuals or their families. Broadly speaking, the main routes to breach privacy are identity tracing, attribute disclosure attacks using DNA (ADAD) and completion of sensitive DNA information.
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Identity tracing exploits quasi-identifiers in the DNA data or metadata to uncover the identity of an unknown genetic data set. ADAD links the identity of a known person to a sensitive phenotype using DNA-derived data. Completion techniques also work on known DNA data and aim to uncover sensitive genomic areas that were masked to protect the participant.
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In the past few years, the range of techniques and tools to carry out privacy breaching attacks has expanded. Although most of these techniques are currently beyond the reach of the general public, they can be implemented by trained persons with varying degrees of effort and success.
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There is considerable debate regarding risk management. Some support a pragmatic, ad-hoc approach of privacy by obscurity, whereas others support a systematic, mathematical approach of privacy by design. Privacy-by-design algorithms include access control, differential privacy and cryptographic techniques.
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So far, data custodians of genetic databases have primarily adopted access control as a mitigation strategy. New developments in cryptographic methods may usher in additional 'security-by-design' techniques.
Abstract
We are entering an era of ubiquitous genetic information for research, clinical care and personal curiosity. Sharing these data sets is vital for progress in biomedical research. However, a growing concern is the ability to protect the genetic privacy of the data originators. Here, we present an overview of genetic privacy breaching strategies. We outline the principles of each technique, indicate the underlying assumptions, and assess their technological complexity and maturation. We then review potential mitigation methods for privacy-preserving dissemination of sensitive data and highlight different cases that are relevant to genetic applications.
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Change history
17 June 2014
In this article, an incorrect citation was given in reference 107. The citation should have been: Ayday, E., Raisaro, J. L., McLaren, P. J., Fellay, J. & Hubaux, J.-P. Privacy-preserving computation of disease risk by using genomic, clinical, and environmental data. Proc. USENIX Security Workshop Health Inf. Technol. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.309.1513 (2013). This has now been corrected online. The editors apologize for this error.
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Acknowledgements
Y.E. is an Andria and Paul Heafy Family Fellow and holds a Career Award at the Scientific Interface from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. This study was supported in part by a US National Human Genome Research Institute grant R21HG006167, and by a gift from C. Stone and J. Stone. The authors thank D. Zielinski and M. Gymrek for comments.
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Differential privacy statistic of an association study. (PDF 1266 kb)
Glossary
- Safe Harbor
-
A standard in the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) rule for de-identification of protected health information by removing 18 types of quasi-identifiers.
- Haplotypes
-
Sets of alleles along the same chromosome.
- Cryptographic hashing
-
A procedure that yields a fixed-length output from any size of input in a way that is hard to determine the input from the output.
- Dictionary attacks
-
Approaches to reverse cryptographic hashing by scanning only highly probable inputs.
- Alice
-
A common generic name in computer security to denote party A.
- Bob
-
A common generic name in computer security to denote party B.
- Type 1 error
-
The probability of obtaining a positive answer from a negative item.
- Linkage equilibrium
-
Absence of correlation between the alleles at two loci.
- Power
-
The probability of obtaining a positive answer for a positive item.
- Specificity
-
The probability of obtaining a negative answer for a negative item.
- Linkage disequilibrium
-
(LD). The correlation between alleles at two loci.
- Effect sizes
-
The contributions of alleles to the values of particular traits.
- Positive predictive value
-
The probability that a positive answer belongs to a true positive.
- Expression quantitative trait locus
-
(eQTL). A genetic variant associated with variability in gene expression.
- Genotype imputation
-
A class of statistical techniques to predict a genotype from information on surrounding genotypes.
- Application programming interface
-
(API). A set of commands that specify the interface with a data set or software applications.
- χ2-statistic
-
A measure of association in case–control genome-wide association studies.
- Read mapping
-
A computationally intensive step in the analysis of high-throughput sequencing to find the location of a short DNA sequence (string) in the genome.
- Edit distance
-
The total number of insertions, deletions and substitutions between two strings.
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Erlich, Y., Narayanan, A. Routes for breaching and protecting genetic privacy. Nat Rev Genet 15, 409–421 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3723
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3723
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