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Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Nature Reviews Disease Primers volume 3, Article number: 17058 (2017) Cite this article

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Abstract

Heart failure is a global public health problem that affects more than 26 million people worldwide. The global burden of heart failure is growing and is expected to increase substantially with the ageing of the population. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction accounts for approximately 50% of all cases of heart failure in the United States and is associated with substantial morbidity and reduced quality of life. Several diseases, such as myocardial infarction, certain infectious diseases and endocrine disorders, can initiate a primary pathophysiological process that can lead to reduced ventricular function and to heart failure. Initially, ventricular impairment is compensated for by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, but chronic activation of these pathways leads to worsening cardiac function. The symptoms of heart failure can be associated with other conditions and include dyspnoea, fatigue, limitations in exercise tolerance and fluid accumulation, which can make diagnosis difficult. Management strategies include the use of pharmacological therapies and implantable devices to regulate cardiac function. Despite these available treatments, heart failure remains incurable, and patients have a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Consequently, the development of new therapies is imperative and requires further research.

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Figure 1: Subtypes of heart failure.
Figure 2: Pathophysiology of heart failure.
Figure 3: Compensatory mechanisms in early heart failure.
Figure 4: Comorbidities and heart failure.
Figure 5: Bedside assessment of heart failure clinical profiles.
Figure 6: 2017 ACCF, AHA and HFSA guidelines for the treatment of stage C and stage D HFrEF.
Figure 7: European Society of Cardiology 2016 guidelines for the treatment of patients with symptomatic HFrEF.
Figure 8: Implanted devices for the management of heart failure.

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Acknowledgements

J.B. received research support from the US National Institutes of Health, European Union and the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, 101 Nicolls Road, HSC, T-16, Rm 080, Stony Brook, 11794–8167, New York, USA

    Michelle W. Bloom & Javed Butler

  2. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Barry Greenberg

  3. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden

    Tiny Jaarsma

  4. Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Tiny Jaarsma

  5. Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    James L. Januzzi

  6. Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore

    Carolyn S. P. Lam

  7. Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore

    Carolyn S. P. Lam

  8. Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) Research Center, Florence, Italy

    Aldo P. Maggioni

  9. l’institut du thorax, Centre Hospital-Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France

    Jean-Noël Trochu

  10. Medical School, University of Nantes, Nantes, France

    Jean-Noël Trochu

  11. INSERM UMR1087 and CIC 1413, Nantes, France

    Jean-Noël Trochu

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Contributions

Introduction (J.B., M.W.B. and J.-N.T.); Epidemiology (J.B., M.W.B. and C.S.P.L.); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (M.W.B., J.L.J., A.P.M. and J.-N.T.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention (M.W.B., B.G., J.L.J., A.P.M. and J.T.); Management (M.W.B., B.G., C.S.P.L. and T.J.); Quality of life (T.J.); Outlook (J.B.); Overview of Primer (J.B.).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Javed Butler.

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Competing interests

M.W.B. has received speaker's bureau from Novartis Pharmaceuticals. B.G. has acted as a consultant for Teva Pharmaceuticals, Mesoblast, Celadon, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen and AstraZeneca. J.L.J. has received research support from Roche Diagnostics, Siemens, Prevencio and Singulex; consulting income from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis and Janssen; and participates on cardiology endpoint committees and/or data safety monitoring boards for Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Pfizer and Janssen. C.S.P.L. has received research support from Boston Scientific, Bayer, Thermofisher, Medtronic and Vifor Pharma; and has acted as a consultant for Bayer, Novartis, Takeda, Merck, AstraZeneca, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Menarini, Boehringer Ingelheim and Abbott Diagnostics. A.P.M. has received honoraria for the participation in committees of trials sponsored by Novartis, Bayer, Cardiorentis and Fresenius. J.-N.T. has received research grants from Novartis, Carmat and Abbott; and has consulted for Abbott, Amgen, Bayer, Carmat, Daichi, Heartware, Novartis, Vifor Pharma, Sankyo and Resmed. J.B. is a consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CVRx, Janssen, Luitpold, Medtronic, Novartis, Relypsa and ZS Pharma. T.J. has received honoraria for the participation in committees of projects sponsored by Novartis.

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Bloom, M., Greenberg, B., Jaarsma, T. et al. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3, 17058 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.58

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