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Hypoparathyroidism

Nature Reviews Disease Primers volume 3, Article number: 17055 (2017) Cite this article

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A Correction to this article was published on 05 October 2017

Abstract

Hypoparathyroidism is a disease characterized by inadequately low circulating concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) resulting in low calcium levels and increased phosphate levels in the blood. Symptoms of the disease result from increased neuromuscular irritability caused by hypocalcaemia and include tingling, muscle cramps and seizures. The most common cause of the disease is inadvertent removal of, or injury to, the parathyroid glands during neck surgery, followed by genetic, idiopathic and autoimmune aetiologies. Conventional treatment includes activated vitamin D and/or calcium supplements, but this treatment does not fully replace the functions of PTH and can lead to short-term problems (such as hypocalcaemia, hypercalcaemia and increased urinary calcium excretion) and long-term complications (which include nephrocalcinosis, kidney stones and brain calcifications). PTH replacement has emerged as a new treatment option. Clinical trials using human PTH(1–34) and PTH(1–84) showed that this treatment was safe and effective in studies lasting up to 6 years. Recombinant human PTH(1–84) has been approved in the United States and Europe for the management of hypoparathyroidism; however, its effect on long-term complications is still being evaluated. Clinical practice guidelines, which describe the consensus of experts in the field, have been published and recognize the need for more research to optimize care. In this Primer, we summarize current knowledge of the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of hypoparathyroidism.

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Figure 1: Regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis.
Figure 2: Overview of the regulation of PTH synthesis, secretion and action and associated genetic disorders.
Figure 3: Transcription factors involved in parathyroid gland development and function.
Figure 4: Clinical manifestations of hypoparathyroidism.
Figure 5: Extraskeletal calcifications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank J. Warshauer (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of California, San Francisco, USA) for providing Figure 5a,b, and H. Jüppner (Endocrine Unit and Pediatric Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) for comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom St., Boston, 02114, Massachusetts, USA

    Michael Mannstadt & Deborah M. Mitchell

  2. Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

    John P. Bilezikian

  3. Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Academic Endocrine Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Rajesh V. Thakker & Fadil M. Hannan

  4. Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Fadil M. Hannan

  5. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Bart L. Clarke

  6. Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

    Lars Rejnmark

  7. Section of Endocrinology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Tamara J. Vokes

  8. Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Karen K. Winer

  9. San Francisco Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

    Dolores M. Shoback

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Contributions

Introduction (M.M.); Epidemiology (B.L.C.); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (R.V.T. and F.M.H.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention (D.M.M., M.M. and L.R.); Management (K.K.W. and D.M.S.); Quality of life (T.J.V.); Outlook (J.P.B.); Overview of Primer (M.M.).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Mannstadt.

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Competing interests

M.M. has received consulting fees and a research grant from Shire Pharmaceuticals. J.P.B. is a consultant for Shire Pharmaceuticals. R.V.T. has received grant funding from NPS/Shire Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis Pharma AG and the Marshall Smith Syndrome Foundation, and he is a medical adviser for the patient charity HypoPara UK. F.M.H. has received grant funding from NPS/Shire Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline. B.L.C. has received research grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals and has received honoraria from Amgen. L.R. has received honoraria and speaker fees from Amgen, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordic, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, NPS Pharmaceuticals, Shire, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbott, and Boehringer Ingelheim Denmark. T.J.V. is a consultant and investigator for Shire Pharmaceuticals. D.M.S. is a consultant for Shire Pharmaceuticals and Ascendis Pharmaceuticals. D.M.M. and K.K.W. declare no competing interests.

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Mannstadt, M., Bilezikian, J., Thakker, R. et al. Hypoparathyroidism. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3, 17055 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.55

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