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Primary open-angle glaucoma

Nature Reviews Disease Primers volume 2, Article number: 16067 (2016) Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the optic nerve, leading to visual impairment. Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, but typically remains asymptomatic until very severe. Open-angle glaucoma comprises the majority of cases in the United States and western Europe, of which, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type. By contrast, in China and other Asian countries, angle-closure glaucoma is highly prevalent. These two types of glaucoma are characterized based on the anatomic configuration of the aqueous humour outflow pathway. The pathophysiology of POAG is not well understood, but it is an optic neuropathy that is thought to be associated with intraocular pressure (IOP)-related damage to the optic nerve head and resultant loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). POAG is generally diagnosed during routine eye examination, which includes fundoscopic evaluation and visual field assessment (using perimetry). An increase in IOP, measured by tonometry, is not essential for diagnosis. Management of POAG includes topical drug therapies and surgery to reduce IOP, although new therapies targeting neuroprotection of RGCs and axonal regeneration are under development.

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Figure 1: Pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Figure 2: Global prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma.
Figure 3: Retinal ganglion cell injury and response in glaucoma.
Figure 4: Aqueous humour production and flow.
Figure 5: Diagnostic imaging for primary open-angle glaucoma.
Figure 6: Progressive retinal nerve fibre layer thinning in a patient with primary open-angle glaucoma.
Figure 7: Management algorithm of newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma.
Figure 8: Trabeculectomy for the management of primary open-angle glaucoma.

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Acknowledgements

R.N.W. has received research support from the National Eye Institute. D.S.F. has received research support from the US NIH and the US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. J.L.W. has received research support from the NIH, March of Dimes and Research to Prevent Blindness.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, 92093, California, USA

    Robert N. Weinreb & Felipe A. Medeiros

  2. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Christopher K. S. Leung

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Jonathan G. Crowston

  4. Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    David S. Friedman

  5. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Janey L. Wiggs

  6. Department of Ophthalmology and Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Keith R. Martin

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  1. Robert N. Weinreb
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  3. Jonathan G. Crowston
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  4. Felipe A. Medeiros
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  5. David S. Friedman
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  7. Keith R. Martin
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Contributions

Introduction (R.N.W.); Epidemiology (D.S.F.); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (K.R.M. and J.L.W.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention (C.K.S.L. and R.N.W.); Management (J.G.C.); Quality of life (F.A.M.); Outlook (R.N.W. and J.G.C.); Overview of the Primer (R.N.W.).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert N. Weinreb.

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Competing interests

R.N.W. has received personal fees from Allergan, Alcon, Ametek, Bausch + Lomb, Carl-Zeiss Meditec, ForSight Vision5 and Topcon, and has received research support from Genentech and Quark, in addition to research equipment from Heidelberg Engineering, Konan, Optovue and Topcon. C.K.S.L. has received research support from Carl-Zeiss Meditec and Topcon. J.G.C. has served on advisory committees for Allergan, Alcon, CERA Technologies, Pfizer, Polyactiva and Seagull Technologies. F.A.M. has received personal fees from Carl-Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Ametek, Alcon and Allergan, and research support from Carl-Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Topcon, Ametek, Bausch + Lomb, Allergan and Sensimed. D.S.F. has received consulting fees from Nidek and ForSight Vision5. K.R.M. has received personal fees from Allergan, Bausch + Lomb, MSD and Santen. J.L.W. declares no competing interests.

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Weinreb, R., Leung, C., Crowston, J. et al. Primary open-angle glaucoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2, 16067 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.67

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